Géochimie, cadre tectonique et pétrogenèse du Groupe de Coldbrook et des plutons associés, sud du Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada : un épisode magmatique unique de l'Édiacarien supérieur en Avalonie
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2023.010Résumé
Le groupe de Coldbrook est une succession de roches volcaniques et épiclastiques de l’Édiacarien tardif qui se sont déposées à l’intérieur d’un milieu de distension dans le terrane avalonien de Caledonia dans le sud du Nouveau-Brunswick. Le groupe est officieusement divisé en une section inférieure composée de tufs principalement andésitiques à dacitiques et de roches sédimentaires épiclastiques pénétrés par des plutons bimodaux, et en une section supérieure essentiellement constituée de tufs et de coulées mafiques interstratifiées avec des tufs et des coulées rhyolitiques ainsi qu’une quantité modeste de roches sédimentaires épiclastiques qui, toutefois, les recouvre principalement. Une datation U–Pb (sur zircon) des quatre formations dans le groupe de Coldbrook et d’un pluton granitique subvolcanique a abouti à la proposition que la section inférieure et la majeure partie de la section supérieure du groupe de Coldbrook et les plutons associés se sont formés il y a moins de 760 milliers d’années, soit il y a environ 551,5 Ma, alors que la rhyolite sommitale (rhyolite de la Promenade du Sentier Fundy) et le basalte sous-jacent de la Formation de Hosford Brook se sont formés au cours d’un épisode plus récent il y a environ 549,5 Ma. Les dates qui se chevauchent et les données chimiques permettent par ailleurs de supposer que les intrusions granitiques subvolcaniques constituent les équivalents plutoniques des roches volcanofelsiques d’il y a environ 551,5 Ma tandis que les plutons granitiques représentent des magmas extraits ayant évolué séparément. Des données isotopiques et géochmiques de roche totale combinées à de l’information cartographique et de l’information émanant de travaux sur le terrain antérieurs intégrées aux données chronologiques livrent de nouveaux renseignements sur la genèse de ces magmas et leur transformation d’un magmatisme intermédiaire à bimodal. Les données révèlent que les roches volcaniques et plutoniques sont principalement tholéiitiques et qu’elles sont provenues de proportions variables de magmas juvéniles et de la lithosphère d’un arc âgé recyclé. Les roches mafiques ont des similarités chimiques avec les basaltes de plateau et les signatures calco-alcalines héritées des roches d’arc volcanique âgées. Les magmas intermédiaires qui constituent la section inférieure du groupe de Coldbrook ont bénéficié d’afflux lithosphériques plus substantiels et affichent en conséquence des signatures essentiellement calco-alcalines. Les rhyolites des secteurs du mont Vernon, du lac Blackall et de la colline Silver représentent des magmas provenant de magmas de la section inférieure du groupe de Coldbrook et leurs différences chimiques sont interprétées comme un résultat des processus magmatiques de stillation solide-liquide et d’extraction de magma. L’extension et l’amincissement accrus ont entraîné la formation de magmas moins contaminés par la lithosphère qui ont créé les unités bimodales il y a environ 549,5 Ma dans la section supérieure du groupe de Coldbrook.
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