Les îles « disparues » de la baie Cardigan, Pays de Galles, Royaume-Uni : aperçu de l’évolution postglaciaire de certaines côtes celtes du nord-ouest de l’Europe
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2022.005Résumé
Une carte des 13e et 14e siècles que détient la bibliothèque de Bodley (carte de Gough, carte la plus ancienne de Grande-Bretagne) montre deux îles « disparues » dans la baie Cardigan au large à l’ouest du Pays de Galles, au Royaume-Uni. Cette étude examine des sources historiques, ainsi que des preuves géologiques et bathymétriques, et elle propose un modèle d’évolution côtière postglaciaire fournissant une explication de la disparition des îles et un cadre hypothétique aux fins de recherche future : (1) durant le Pléistocène, les glaces de la mer d’Irlande occupaient la région à partir du nord et de l’ouest, et les glaces galloises s’étendaient à partir de l’est; (2) un paysage de dépôts non consolidés du Pléistocène s’est formé côté mer le long de falaises préquaternaires reliques, laissant émerger une surface terrestre atteignant jusqu’à environ 30 mètres au-dessus du niveau actuel de la mer; (3) une érosion a suivi le long des lignes d’un modèle créé par un rivage en recul affecté par la hausse du niveau de la mer de l’Holocène, les rivières côtières normales et l’écoulement direct de surface des interfluves et de la ligne des falaises reliques; (4) une dissection a créé des îles occupant les coeurs du paysage de dépôt; (5) l’aplatissement continu, l’érosion marginale et les inondations marines ont fait en sorte que les deux îles qui restaient avaient disparu au 16e siècle. Des preuves littéraires et des traditions folkloriques appuient l’association de la baie Cardigan avec les basses terres « disparues » de Cantre’r Gwaelod. Le modèle pourrait permettre une compréhension plus poussée de l’évolution postglaciaire des basses terres similaires le long des littoraux du nord-ouest de l’Europe.
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