Lithostratigraphy and lithogeochemistry of Ediacaran alkaline basaltic rocks of the Musgravetown Group, Bonavista Peninsula, northeastern Newfoundland, Canada: an extensional volcanogenic basin in the type-Avalon terrane
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2021.010Résumé
Les roches volcaniques du groupe d’Ediacara de Musgravetown sur la péninsule de Bonavista, terrane d’Avalon, à Terre-Neuve, comprennent des basaltes calcoalcalins basaux d’environ 600 Ma auxquels ont succédé de la tholéiite continentale et de la rhyolite alcaline de la ceinture volcanique d’environ 592 Ma de Plate Cove (Formation de Bull Arm), ce qui révèle un passage d’un régime tectonique de subduction à un régime d’extension durant cet intervalle. Les basaltes alcalins dans le nord-est (secteur de Dam Pond) et le sud-ouest (secteur de British Harbour) de la péninsule de Bonavista se manifestent au- dessous et au-dessus, respectivement, du faciès glaciaire d’environ 580 Ma de Trinity. Le basalte de Dam Pond apparaît dans un dôme interstratifié et flanqué de dépôts silicoclastiques à grains fins (Formation de Big Head) recouverts du faciès de Trinity. Les basaltes de British Harbour se trouvent au-dessus du faciès de Trinity, dans une séquence de grès à granulométrie croissante vers le haut (Formation de Rocky Harbour) recouverte de couches rouges de la Formation de Crown Hill (partie sommitale du groupe de Musgravetown). Les Formations de Rocky Harbour et de Big Head sont vraisemblablement stratigraphiquement interdigitées de dépôts proximaux et distaux, respectivement, provenant de l’érosion de la Formation de Bull Arm et d’assemblages avaloniens plus anciens.
Les basaltes de Big Head ont des teneurs inférieures de SiO2, de Zr, de FeOT, de P2O5 et de TiO2, et des teneurs supérieures de Mg#, de Cr, de V, de Co et de Ni; ils sont en conséquence plus primitifs que les basaltes plus riches en FeOT, en TiO2 et en P2O5 de British Harbour. Les ratios et les concentrations d’éléments lithophiles à grand rayon ionique et de métaux des terres rares signalent que les deux suites proviennent de fontes partielles de faible degré de sources de péridotite asthénosphérique non appauvrie, faiblement grenatifère, profondes, avec des conduits magmatiques probablement concentrés le long de failles d’extension régionales. L’activité volcanique apparentée à l’extension, prolongée et épisodique, correspond à un milieu géodynamique ayant évolué d’un arc à maturité en bassins d’extension au magmatisme s’affaiblissant lentement, comportant possiblement un repositionnement de dalles et une délamination suivis d’un sous-placage magmatique. La durée et la variation du volcanisme et de la sédimentation révèlent que le groupe de Musgravetown devrait être reclassé en un supergroupe pour faciliter la corrélation future de ses composantes avec d’autres bassins avaloniens.
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