U–Pb geochronology of Late Silurian (Wenlock to Pridoli) volcanic and sedimentary rocks, central Newfoundland Appalachians: targeting the timing of transient extension as a prelude to Devonian orogenic gold mineralization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2022.009Abstract
Bimodal igneous suites and associated immature clastic sedimentary rocks are characteristic of many orogenic gold-mineralized, crustal-scale fault zones globally. In the central Newfoundland Appalachian orogen, the Rogerson Lake Conglomerate belt and Botwood basin are Late Silurian (Wenlock to Pridoli), fault-controlled sedimentary rock sequences and magmatic suites closely associated with orogenic gold mineralization; however, the spatio-temporal evolution of faulting and associated sedimentation and magmatism are not fully resolved.
U–Pb zircon geochronological results were obtained by using an integrated approach employing LA-ICPMS (laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) followed by CA-ID-TIMS (chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry) on the same detrital samples. Using this approach, a maximum depositional age for sedimentary rocks of the Rogerson Lake Conglomerate sequence is 421.9 ± 1.0 Ma (Pridoli), which confirms that they are younger than, and stratigraphically overlie, ca. 422–420 Ma igneous rocks exposed along the central Newfoundland gold belt. Towards the stratigraphic middle of the Botwood basin in north-central Newfoundland, a tuffite layer intercalated with graded siltstone produced a maximum depositional age of 427.9 ± 3.1 Ma (Wenlock; Homerian). The age of emplacement of an autobrecciated, flow-banded rhyolite dome of the Charles Lake volcanic belt along the northwestern Botwood basin is 429.3 ± 0.7 Ma (Wenlock; Homerian). The high-precision CA-ID-TIMS zircon data establish a clear link between Wenlock to Pridoli magmatism and sedimentation throughout central Newfoundland. Furthermore, these geochronological results are consistent with a structural model involving the southeastward (present-day coordinates) advancement of a transient extensional fault system across strike of the Exploits Subzone between ca. 429 and 418 Ma, with propagation along strike to the southwest (Rogerson Lake Conglomerate belt) between ca. 422 and 418 Ma. Extensional faulting may have contributed to basin formation, subsidence, and exhumation of pre-Late Silurian rocks of the Exploits Subzone.
Time-transgressive, extension-related magmatism and clastic sedimentation appear to mark the transition between the Salinic and Acadian orogenic cycles along the central Newfoundland gold belt. Transient Wenlock to Pridoli lithospheric extension may have been important for increasing heat and fluid flow in the crust as a prelude to Devonian crustal thickening, fluid focussing, and orogenic gold mineralization.
References
Aydin, N.S. 1995. Petrology of the composite mafic-felsic rocks of the Fogo Island batholith: a window to mafic magma chamber processes and the role of mantle in the petrogenesis of granitoid rocks. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, 307 p.
Barbarin, B. 1990. Granitoids: main petrogenetic classification in relation to origin and tectonic setting. Geological Journal 25, pp. 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350250306
Barbarin, B. 1999. A review of the relationships between granitoid types, their origins and their geodynamic environments. Lithos, 46, pp. 605–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00085-1
Blackwood, R.F. 1982. Gander (Mount Peyton E.), Newfoundland. Map 80-198, scale 1:50 000. Geology of the Gander Lake (2D/15) and Gander River (2E/2) Area. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division, Report 82-04, 63 p.
Bleeker, W. 2002 "Timiskaming-type" conglomerate-sandstone sequences: indicators of the buoyant ascent and unroofing of composite Archean granitoid-gneiss domes. In Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts 27. Joint annual meeting, Saskatoon, May 27–29, 2002, p. 11.
Bleeker, W. 2012. Lode gold deposits in ancient deformed and metamorphosed terranes: the role of extension in the formation of Timiskaming basins and large gold deposits, Abitibi greenstone belt—a discussion. In Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI-4), Summary of Field Work and Other Activities 2012. Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6280, pp. 47-1–47-12.
Bleeker, W. 2015. Synorogenic gold mineralization in granite-greenstone terranes: the deep connection between extension, major faults, synorogenic clastic basins, magmatism, thrust inversion, and long-term preservation. In Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI-4), Contributions to the Understanding of Precambrian Lode Gold Deposits and Implications for Exploration. Edited by B. Dubé and P. Mercier-Langevin. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 7852, pp. 25–47. https://doi.org/10.4095/296626
Bleeker, W. and Honsberger, I.W. 2022. Triangle zone thrust geometry as a natural focusing mechanism in orogenic gold systems. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada, International Association of Hydrogeologists/Canadian National Committee, and the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists May 15–18, 2022. (Halifax2022-Abstract 1), p. 57. https://halifax2022.atlanticgeosciencesociety.ca/technical-program/
Boyce, W.D. and Dickson, W.L. 2006. Recent fossil finds in the Indian Islands Group, central Newfoundland. In Current Research. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 6-1, pages 221–231.
Buchan K.L. and Hodych J.P. 1992. Early Silurian paleolatitude for central Newfoundland from paleomagnetism of the Wigwam Formation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 29, pp. 1652–1661. https://doi.org/10.1139/e92-130
Bustard, A.L. Lentz, D.R., and Walker, J.A. 2021. Geochemical evaluation of mineralization and igneous activity in the vicinity of the Elmtree deposit, northeastern New Brunswick, Canada. Atlantic Geoscience Society Abstracts. Atlantic Geology, 57, p. 107. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2021.001
Chandler, F., Sullivan, R., and Currie, K. 1987. The age of the Springdale Group, western Newfoundland, and correlative rocks–evidence for a Llandovery overlap assemblage in the Canadian Appalachians. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 78, pp. 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300010944
Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L., and Fan, J.X. 2013. Updated 2021. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes, 36, pp. 199–204. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002
Colman-Sadd, S.P. 1980. Geology of south–central Newfoundland and evolution of the eastern margin of Iapetus. American Journal of Science 280, pp. 991–1017. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.280.10.991
Colman-Sadd, S.P. 1985. Geology of the Burnt Hill map area (NTS 2D/5), Newfoundland. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division, Report 85-3, 108 p. includes map 85-001 Burnt Hill, scale 1:50 000.
Colman-Sadd, S.P. 1994. Silurian subaerial rocks near Lewisporte, central Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 94-1, pp. 65–76.
Colman-Sadd, S., Hayes, J., and Knight, I. 1990. The geology of the Island of Newfoundland. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Map 90-01, GS# NFLD/2192, scale 1:1 000 000.
Connelly, J.N. and Heaman, L.M. 1993. U–Pb geochronological constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Grenville Province, western Labrador. Precambrian Research, 63, pp. 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(93)90008-P
Currie, K. L. 1995. The northeastern end of the Dunnage Zone in Newfoundland. Atlantic Geology, 31, pp. 25–38. https://doi.org/10.4138/2096
Dallmeyer, R.D., Kean, B.F., Odom, A.L., and Jayasinghe, N.R. 1983. Age and contact-metamorphic effects of the Overflow Pond granite: an undeformed pluton in the Dunnage Zone of the Newfoundland Appalachians. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, pp. 1639–1645. https://doi.org/10.1139/e83-155
Davis, D.W. 2002. U–Pb geochronology of Archean metasediments in the Pontiac and Abitibi subprovinces, Quebec, constraints on timing, provenance and regional tectonics. Precambrian Research, 115, pp. 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00007-4
de Roo, J.A. and van Staal, C.R. 1994. Transpression and extensional collapse: steep belts and flat belts in the Appalachian Central Mobile Belt, northern New Brunswick, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106, pp. 541–552. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0541:TAECSB>2.3.CO;2
Dec, T. and Colman-Sadd, S.P. 1990. Timing of ophiolite emplacement onto the Gander Zone: evidence from providence studies in the Mount Cormack Subzone. In Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 90-1, pp. 289–303.
Dewey, J.F., Holdsworth, R.E., and Strachan, R.A. 1998. Transpression and transtension zones. In Continental transpressional and transtensional tectonics. Edited by R.E. Holdsworth, R.A. Strachan, and J.F. Dewey. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 135, pp. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.135.01.01
Dickson, W.L. 1993. Geology of the Mount Peyton map area (NTS 2D/14), central Newfoundland. In Current Research, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 93-1, pp. 209–220.
Dickson, W.L. 1999. Geology of the Hodges Hill (NTS 2E/04) map area, north-central Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Report 99-1, pp. 317–342.
Dickson, W.L. 2000. Geology of the Hodges Hill (NTS 2E/04) map area, central Newfoundland. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Map 2000-23, Open File 002E/04/1082, scale 1:50 000.
Dickson, W.L. 2006. The Silurian Indian Islands Group and its relationships to adjacent units. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 06-1, pp. 1–24.
Dickson, W.L., O'Brien, B.H., and Colman-Sadd, S.P. 2000. Geology of the Botwood map area [NTS 2E/3], central Newfoundland. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Open File 2E/03/1067 Version 2.0, Map 2000-11, scale 1:50 000.
Dickson, W.L., McNicoll, V.J., Nowlan, G.S., and Dunning, G.R. 2007. The Indian Islands Group and its relationships to adjacent units: recent Data. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 07-1, pp. 1–9.
Donaldson, C., Sood, R., Barth, A., Christie, H., and Kerr, A. 2015. Geological relationships in northwestern Fogo Island and their implications for the timing of orogenic events. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 15-1, pp. 27–42.
Dostal, J., Wilson, R.A., and Jutras, P. 2020. Petrogenesis of Siluro-Devonian rhyolite of the Tobique Group in the northwestern Appalachians (northern New Brunswick, Canada): tectonic implications for the accretion history of peri-Gondwanan terranes along the Laurentian margin. In Pannotia to Pangea: Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic orogenic cycles in the Circum-Atlantic region. Edited by J.B. Murphy, R.A. Strachan, and C. Quesada. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 503, pp. 391–407. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP503-2019-229.
Dubé, B., Dunning, G.R., Lauzière, K., and Roddick, J.C. 1996. New insights into the Appalachian Orogen from geology and geochronology along the Cape Ray fault zone, southwest Newfoundland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, pp. 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0101:NIITAO>2.3.CO;2
Dunning, G.R., O’Brien, S.J., Colman-Sadd, S.P., Blackwood, R.F., Dickson, W.L., O’Neill, P.P., and Krogh, T.E. 1990. Silurian Orogeny in the Newfoundland Appalachians. Journal of Geology, 98, pp. 895–913. https://doi.org/10.1086/629460
Dunsworth, S. and Walford, P. 2018. Marathon’s Valentine Lake Property – A developing multi-million-ounce gold camp in central Newfoundland, Canada. Geological Association of Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador section abstracts. Atlantic Geology, 54, 136–137 p. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2018.003
Elliot, C.G., Dunning, G.R., and Williams, P.F. 1991. New U–Pb zircon age constraints on the timing of deformation in north-central Newfoundland and implications for early Paleozoic Appalachian orogenesis. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103, pp. 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0125:NUPZAC>2.3.CO;2
Evans, D.T.W. 1996. Epigenetic gold occurrences, eastern and central Dunnage Zone, Newfoundland. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Mineral Resources Report 9, 135 p.
Evans, D.T.W. 2004. Epigenetic gold occurrences, Baie Verte Peninsula, (NTS 12H/09,16 and 12I/01) Newfoundland. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Mineral Resource Report 11, 159 p.
Evans, D.T.W., Kean, B.F., and Dunning, G.R. 1990. Geological studies, Victoria Lake Group, central Newfoundland. In Current Research, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 90-1, p. 135–144.
Froude, T. 2021. Sokoman reports first barge-based drill results Moosehead Gold Project, Central Newfoundland; Phase 6 drill Program doubled to 100 000 m. Sokoman Minerals Corp. press release, November 10, 2021. URL https://sokomanmineralscorp.com/2021/11/10/sokoman-reports-first-barge-based-drill-results-moosehead-gold-project-central-newfoundland/ 10 December 2021.
Gerstenberger, H. and Haase, G. 1997. A highly effective emitter substance for mass spectrometric Pb isotope ratio determinations. Chemical Geology, 136, pp. 309–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00033-2
Gower, C.F. and Krogh, T.E. 2002. A U–Pb geochronological review of the Proterozoic history of the eastern Grenville Province. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, pp. 795–829. https://doi.org/10.1139/e01-090
Heaman, L.M., Erdmer, P., and Owen, J.V. 2002. U–Pb geochronologic constraints on the crustal evolution of the Long Range Inlier, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, pp. 845–865. https://doi.org/10.1139/e02-015
Henderson, B.J., Collins, W.J., Murphy, J.B., and Hand, M. 2018. A hafnium isotopic record of magmatic arcs and continental growth in the Iapetus Ocean: the contrasting evolution of Ganderia and the peri-Laurentian margin. Gondwana Research, 58, pp. 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2018.02.015
Hibbard, J.P., van Staal, C.R. Rankin, D.W., and Williams, H. 2006. Lithotectonic map of the Appalachian Orogen, Canada-United States of America. Geological Survey of Canada Map 2096A, scale 1:1 500 000. https://doi.org/10.4095/221912
Hinchey, A.M., Rayner, N., and Davis, W.J. 2020. Episodic Paleoproterozoic crustal growth preserved in the Aillik Domain, Makkovik Province, Labrador. Precambrian Research, 337, 105526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105526
Hodgson, C.J. 1993. Mesothermal lode-gold deposits. In Mineral Deposit Modelling. Edited by R.V. Kirkham, W.D. Sinclair, R.I. Thorpe, and J.M. Duke. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 40, pp. 635–678.
Honsberger, I.W., Bleeker, W., Sandeman, H.A.I., and Evans, D.T.W. 2019. Lithological and structural setting of structurally controlled gold mineralization in the Wilding Lake region, central Newfoundland. In Targeted Geoscience Initiative 2018 report of activities. Edited by N. Rogers. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8549, pp. 59–69. https://doi.org/10.4095/13640.
Honsberger, I.W., Bleeker, W., Kamo, S.L., Sandeman, H.A.I., and Evans, D.T.W. 2020. The emerging Paleozoic gold district of central Newfoundland: new insights on structural controls and tectonic drivers of gold mineralization and preservation. In Targeted Geoscience Initiative 5: Contributions to the Understanding of Gold Deposits. Edited by P. Mercier-Langevin, C.J.M. Lawley, and S. Castonguay. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8712, pp. 193–210. https://doi.org/10.4095/326024
Honsberger, I.W., Bleeker, W., Kamo, S.L., Sandeman, H.A.I., Evans, D.T.W., van Staal, C.R., Rogers, N., and Dunning, G.R. 2022. Latest Silurian syntectonic sedimentation and magmatism and Early Devonian orogenic gold mineralization, central Newfoundland Appalachians, Canada: setting, structure, lithogeochemistry, and high-precision U–Pb geochronology. Geological Society of America Bulletin 133, Published on-line March 3, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1130/B36083.1
Jaffey, A.H., Flynn, K.F., Glendenin, L.E., Bentley, W.C., and Essling, A.M. 1971. Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of 235U and 238U. Physical Review C 4, pp. 1889–1906. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.4.1889
James, D.T., Kamo, S., and Krogh, T. 2002. Evolution of 3.1 and 3.0 Ga volcanic belts and a new thermotectonic model for the Hopedale Block, North Atlantic craton, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, pp. 687–710. https://doi.org/10.1139/e01-092
Karlstrom K. E., van der Pluijm B. A., and Williams P. F. 1982. Structural interpretation of the eastern Notre Dame Bay area, Newfoundland: regional post-Middle Silurian thrusting and asymmetrical folding. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19, pp. 2325–2341. https://doi.org/10.1139/e82-204
Kean, B.F. and Evans, D.T.W. 1988. Regional metallogeny of the Victoria Lake Group. In Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines, Mineral Developments Division, Report 88-1, pp. 319–330.
Kean, B.F. and Jayasinghe, N.R. 1980. Geology of the Lake Ambrose (12A/10) and Noel Paul’s Brook (12A/9) map areas, Newfoundland. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy Report 88-1, 29 p.
Kerr, A. 1997. Space-time composition relationships among Appalachian plutonic suites in Newfoundland. In The Nature of Magmatism in the Appalachian orogen. Edited by A.K. Sinha, J.B. Whalen, and J.P. Hogan. Geological Society of America Memoirs, 191. pp. 193–220. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-1191-6.193
Kerr, A. 2013. The Fogo Process from a geologist’s perspective: a discussion of models and research problems. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 13-1, pp. 233–265.
Ketchum, J.W.F., Culshaw, N.G., and Barr, S.M. 2002. Anatomy and orogenic history of a Paleoproterozoic accretionary belt: the Makkovik Province, Labrador, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, pp. 711–730. https://doi.org/10.1139/e01-099
Krogh, T.E. 1973. A low-contamination method for hydrothermal decomposition of zircon and extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determinations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37, pp. 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90213-5
Kuiper, Y.D. and Hepburn, J.C. 2021. Detrital zircon populations of the eastern Laurentian margin in the Appalachians. Geology, 49, pp. 233–237. https://doi.org/10.1130/G48012.1
Kusky, T.M. and Kidd, W.S.F. 1996. Tectonic implication of early Silurian thrust imbrication of the northern Exploits Subzone, central Newfoundland. Journal of Geodynamics 22, pp. 229–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(96)00011-7
Kusky T.M., Kidd W.S.F., and Bradley D.C. 1987. Displacement history of the Northern Arm Fault, and its bearing on the post-Taconic evolution of North-central Newfoundland. Journal of Geodynamics, 7, pp. 105–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(87)90067-6
Lafrance, B. 1989. Structural evolution of a transpression zone in north central Newfoundland. Journal of Structural Geology, 11, pp. 705–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(89)90006-0
Lincoln, N., Farmer, R., Eccles, R., and Deering, P.D. 2018. Preliminary economic assessment of the Valentine Lake gold project Newfoundland, NL, Canada. Lycopodium Minerals Canada Ltd. for Marathon Gold. December 2, 2018.
Ludwig, K.R. 1998. On the treatment of concordant uranium-lead ages. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, pp. 665–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00059-3
Ludwig, K.R. 2003. User’s manual for Isoplot 3.00 a geochronological toolkit for Excel. Berkeley Geochronological Center Special Publication 4, 71 p.
Mann, W.P., Hempton, M., Bradley, D., and Burke, K. 1983. Development of pull-apart basins. Journal of Geology, 91, pp. 529–554. https://doi.org/10.1086/628803
Mattinson, J.M. 2005. Zircon U–Pb chemical abrasion (“CA-TIMS”) method: combined annealing and multi-step partial dissolution analysis for improved precision and accuracy of zircon ages. Chemical Geology 220, pp. 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.03.011
McNicoll, V.J., Squires, G.C., Wardle, R.J., Dunning, G.R., and O’Brien, B.H. 2006. U–Pb geochronological evidence for Devonian deformation and gold mineralization in the eastern Dunnage Zone, Newfoundland. In Current Research, Report 06-1, pp. 45–60.
Miller, H.G. 1988. Geophysical interpretation of the geology of the northeast Gander Terrane, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, pp. 1161–1174. https://doi.org/10.1139/e88-114
O’Brien, B.H. 1993. Geology of the region around Botwood (parts of 2E/3,4,6), north-central Newfoundland. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Map 93-168, Open File 002E/0869, scale 1:50 000
O’Brien, B.H. 2003. Geology of the central Notre Dame Bay region (Parts of NTS areas 2E/3,6,11) northeastern Newfoundland. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Report 03-03, 147 p.
O'Brien, B.H., O'Brien, S.J., Dunning, G.R., and Tucker, R.D. 1993. Episodic reactivation of a Late Precambrian mylonite zone on the Gondwana margin of the Appalachians, southern Newfoundland. Tectonics, 12, pp. 1043–1055. https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC00110
O’Neill, P. and Blackwood, F. 1989. A proposal for revised stratigraphic nomenclature of the Gander and Davidsville Groups and the Gander River Ultrabasic belt of northeastern Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines, Geological Survey of Newfoundland, Report 89-1, pp. 127–130.
Pitcher, W.S. 1983. Granite type and tectonic environment. In Mountain Building Processes. Edited by K.J. Hsü. London, Academic Press, pp. 19–40.
Pitcher, W.S. 1993. The Nature and Origin of Granite. London, Blackie, 321 p. https://doi .org /10 .1007 /978-94- 017-3393-9.
Pollock, J.C., Wilton, D.H.C., van Staal, C.R., and Morrissey, K.D. 2007. U–Pb detrital zircon geochronological constraints on the Early Silurian collision of Ganderia and Laurentia along the Dog Bay Line: the terminal Iapetan suture in the Newfoundland Appalachians. American Journal of Science, 307, pp. 399–433. https://doi.org/10.2475/02.2007.04
Poulsen, K.H., Robert, F., and Dubé, B. 2000. Geological classification of Canadian gold deposits. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 540, 106 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/211094
Rogers, N. and van Staal, C.R. 2005. Geology, Grand Falls, Newfoundland and Labrador. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4545, scale 1: 50 000. https://doi.org/10.4095/221290
Rogers, N., van Staal, C.R., McNicoll, V.J., Squires, G.C., Pollock, J., and Zagorevski, A. 2005. Geology, Lake Ambrose and part of Buchans, Newfoundland and Labrador. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4544, scale 1:50 000. https://doi.org/10.4095/221289
Rogers, N., van Staal, C.R., McNicoll, V.J., Pollock, J., Zagorevski, A., and Whalen, J. 2006. Neoproterozoic and Cambrian arc magmatism along the eastern margin of the Victoria Lake Supergroup: a remnant of Ganderian basement in central Newfoundland? Precambrian Research, 147, pp. 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.01.025
Sambridge, M.S. and Compston, W. 1994. Mixture modeling of multi-component data sets with application to ion-probe zircon ages. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 128, p. 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)90157-0
Sandeman, H.A.I. 2021. The Dog Bay Line in northeast Newfoundland, Canada: an overview of the current state of knowledge. Geological Association of Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador section abstracts. Atlantic Geology, 57, p. 144. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2021.001
Sandeman, H.A.I. and Malpas, J.G. 1995. Epizonal I- and A-type granites and associated ash-flow tuffs, Fogo Island, northeast Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32, pp. 1835–1844. https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-141
Sandeman, H.A.I., Dunning, G.R., McCullough, C.K., and Peddle, C. 2017. U–Pb geochronology, petrogenetic relationships and intrusion-related precious-metal mineralization in the northern Mount Peyton Intrusive Suite: implications for the origin of the Mount Peyton trend, central Newfoundland (NTS 2D/04). In Current Research. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 17-1, pp 189–217.
Sandeman, H.A.I., Honsberger, I.W., and Camacho, A. 2022 (this volume). Overview of age constraints for gold mineralization in central and western Newfoundland and new 40Ar/39Ar ages for white mica from selected auriferous zones. Atlantic Geoscience, 58,. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2022.010
Stacey, J.S. and Kramers, J.D. 1975. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 26, pp. 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(75)90088-6
Strong, D.F. 1979. The Mount Peyton batholith, central Newfoundland: a bimodal calc-alkaline suite. Journal of Petrology 20, pp. 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/20.1.119
Strong, D.F. and Dupuy, C. 1982. Rare earth elements in the bimodal Mount Peyton batholith: evidence of the crustal anataxis by mantle-derived magma. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19, pp. 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1139/e82-022
Todd, S.E., Pufahl, P.K., Murphy, J.B., and Taylor, K.G. 2018. Sedimentology and oceanography of Early Ordovician ironstone, Bell Island, Newfoundland: ferruginous seawater and upwelling in the Rheic Ocean. Sedimentary Geology, 379, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.10.007
Tomlinson, K.Y., Davis, D.W., Stone, D., and Hart, T.R. 2003. U–Pb age and Nd isotopic evidence for crustal recycling and Archean terrane development in the south-central Wabigoon subprovince, Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 144, pp. 684–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-002-0423-0
Tremblay, A. and Dubé, B.1991. Structural relationships between some gold occurrences and fault zones in the Bathurst area, northern New Brunswick. In Current Research, Part D. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 91-1D, pp. 89–99. https://doi.org/10.4095/132590
Tremblay, A., Faure, S., and Dubé, B. 1993. Gold occurrences of the Rocky Brook–Millstream Fault, northern Appalachians, New Brunswick. In Current Research, Part E. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 93-1E, pp. 337–346. https://doi.org/10.4095/184129
Tuach, J. 1992. List of gold occurrences and deposits on the Island of Newfoundland. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Open File 2188, 107 p.
Tuach, J., Dean, P.L., Swinden, H.S., O’Driscoll, C., Kean, B.F., and Evans, D.T.W. 1988. Gold mineralization in Newfoundland: a 1988 review. Newfoundland Department of Mines, Mineral Development Division, Report 88-1, p. 279–306.
Tucker, R.D. and Gower, C.F. 1994. A U–Pb geochronological framework for the Pinware Terrane, Grenville Province, Southeast Labrador. Journal of Geology, 102, pp. 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1086/629648
Valverde-Vaquero, P. and van Staal, C.R. 2002. Geology and magnetic anomalies of the Exploits-Meelpaeg boundary zone in the Victoria Lake area (central Newfoundland): regional implications. In Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Report 02-1, p. 197–209.
Valverde-Vaquero, P., van Staal, C.R., McNicoll, V., and Dunning, G.R. 2006. Mid-Late Ordovician magmatism and metamorphism along the Gander margin in central Newfoundland. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 163, pp. 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-130
van der Velden, A.J., van Staal, C.R., and Cook, F.A. 2004. Crustal structure, fossil subduction, and the tectonic evolution of the Newfoundland Appalachians: evidence from a reprocessed seismic reflection survey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116, pp. 1485–1498, https://doi .org /10 .1130 /B25518 .1.
van Staal, C.R. and Barr, S.M. 2012. Lithospheric architecture and tectonic evolution of the Canadian Appalachians and associated Atlantic margin. In Tectonic Styles in Canada Revisited: the LITHOPROBE Perspective. Edited by J.A. Percival, F.A. Cook, and R.M. Clowes. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 49, pp. 41–95.
van Staal, C.R., Valverde-Vaquero, P., Zagorevski, A., Rogers, N., Lissenberg, C.J., and McNicoll, V.J. 2005. Geology, Victoria Lake, Newfoundland and Labrador. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1667, scale 1:50 000. https://doi.org/10.4095/221287
van Staal, C.R., Zagorevski, A., McNicoll, V.J., and Rogers, N. 2014. Time-transgressive Salinic and Acadian orogenesis, magmatism, and Old Red Sandstone sedimentation in Newfoundland. Geoscience Canada, 41, pp. 138–164. https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2014.41.031
Waldron, J.W.F., McNicoll, V.J., and van Staal, C.R. 2012. Laurentia-derived detritus in the Badger Group of central Newfoundland: deposition during closing of the Iapetus Ocean. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 49, pp. 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1139/e11-030
Wardle, R.J. 2005. Gold. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Commodity Series Report 4, 12 p.
Whalen, J.B. and Hildebrand, R. S. 2019. Trace element discrimination of arc, slab failure, and A-type granitic rocks. Lithos, 348-349, 105179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105179
Whalen, J.B., Jenner, G.A., Longstaffe, F.J., Gariepy, C., and Fryer, B. 1997. Implications of granitoid geochemical and isotopic (Nd, O, Pb) data from the Cambro–Ordovician Notre Dame arc for the evolution of the Central Mobile Belt, Newfoundland Appalachians. In The Nature of Magmatism in the Appalachian Orogen. Edited by A.K. Sinha, J.B. Whalen, and J.P. Hogan. Geological Society America Memoir, 191, pp. 367–395. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-1191-6.367
Whalen, J.B., McNicoll, V.J., van Staal, C.R., Lissenberg, C.J., Longstaffe, F.J., Jenner, G.A., and van Breemen, O. 2006. Spatial, temporal and geochemical characteristics of Silurian collision zone magmatism, Newfoundland Appalachians: an example of a rapidly evolving magmatic system related to slab break-off. Lithos, 89, pp. 377–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.12.011
White, S.E. and Waldron, J.W.F. 2022. Along-strike variations in the deformed Laurentian margin in the Northern Appalachians: role of inherited margin geometry and colliding arcs. Earth Science Reviews 226, 103931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103931
Willner, A.P., van Staal, C.R., Zagorevski, A., Glodnye, J., Romere, R.L., and Sudof, M. 2018. Tectonometamorphic evolution along the Iapetus suture zone in Newfoundland: evidence for polyphase Salinic, Acadian and Neoacadian very low- to medium-grade metamorphism and deformation. Tectonophysics, 742–743, pp. 137–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.05.023
Willner, A.P., van staal, C.R., Glodny, J., Sudo, M., Zagorevski, A. 2022. Conditions and timing of metamorphism near the Baie Verte Line (Baie Verte Peninsula, NW Newfoundland, Canada): multiple reactivations within the suture zone of an arc-continent collision. In New Developments in the Appalachian-Caledonian-Variscan Orogen. Edited by Y.D. Kuiper, J.B. Murphy, R.D. Nance, R.A. Strachan, and M.D. Thompson. Geological Society of America Special Paper 554. https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.2554(09)
Williams, H. 1962. Botwood (West Half) Map-area, Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 62-9, 16 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/123914
Williams, H. 1972. Stratigraphy of Botwood map-area, northeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File Report 113, 98 p.
Williams, H. 1978. Tectonic lithofacies map of the Appalachian Orogen. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, scale 1:1 000 000.
Williams, H. 1993. Stratigraphy and structure of the Botwood Belt and definition of the Dog Bay Line in northeastern Newfoundland. In Current Research, Part D, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 93-1D, pp. 19–27. https://doi.org/10.4095/134267
Williams, H., Colman-Sadd, S.P., and Swinden, H.S. 1988. Tectonic-stratigraphic subdivisions of central Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 88-1B, pp. 91–98. https://doi.org/10.4095/122425
Williams, H., Currie, K.L., and Piasecki, M.A.J. 1993. The Dog Bay Line: a major Silurian tectonic boundary in northeast Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, pp. 2481–2494. https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-215
Williams, H., Dean, P.L., and Pickering, K.T. 1995. Botwood Belt. In Geology of the Appalachian–Caledonian Orogen in Greenland. Edited by H. Williams. Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, 6, pp. 413–420. https://doi.org/10.4095/205242
Wilson, R. 2007. Silurian–Devonian stratigraphy and structure in the Arleau Brook region, northern margin of the Miramichi Highlands, New Brunswick. In Abstracts 2007, Exploration and Mining New Brunswick. Edited by S.A.A Merlini. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources; Minerals, Policy and Planning Division Information Circular 2007-1, pp. 53-56.
Wilson, R.A., van Staal, C.R., and Kamo, S.L. 2017. Rapid transition from the Salinic to Acadian orogenic cycles in the northern Appalachian orogen: evidence from northern New Brunswick, Canada. American Journal of Science, 317, pp. 449–482. https://doi.org/10.2475/04.2017.02
Zagorevski, A., van Staal, C.R., McNicoll, V., and Rogers, N. 2007. Tectonic architecture of an arc-arc collision zone, Newfoundland Appalachians. In Formation and Applications of the Sedimentary Record in Arc Collision Zones. Edited by A. Draut, P.D. Clift, and D.W. Scholl. Geological Society of America Special Paper 436, pp. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.2436(14)
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All material contained in Atlantic Geology is copyrighted by the journal. Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use or for the internal or personal use of specific clients is granted by Atlantic Geology to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), provided that the stated fee per copy is paid directly to the CCC, 21 Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970 USA. Other requests should be addressed to one of the journal editors, or sent to Atlantic Geology, Box 116, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada B4P 2R6. Permission to use a single graphic for which Atlantic Geology owns copyright is considered “fair dealing” under the Canadian Copyright Act and “fair use” by the journal, and no other permission need be granted, subject to the image being appropriately cited in all reproductions. The same fair dealing/fair use policy applies to sections of text up to 100 words in length.
