Lithostratigraphy and lithogeochemistry of Ediacaran alkaline basaltic rocks of the Musgravetown Group, Bonavista Peninsula, northeastern Newfoundland, Canada: an extensional volcanogenic basin in the type-Avalon terrane
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2021.010Abstract
Volcanic rocks of the Ediacaran Musgravetown Group on Bonavista Peninsula, Avalon terrane, Newfoundland, include basal ca. 600 Ma calc-alkaline basalt succeeded by continental tholeiite and alkaline rhyolite of the ca. 592 Ma Plate Cove volcanic belt (Bull Arm Formation), indicating a change from subduction-related to extensionrelated tectonic regimes during that interval. Alkalic basalts on northeastern (Dam Pond area) and southwestern (British Harbour area) Bonavista Peninsula occur below and above, respectively, the ca. 580 Ma glacial Trinity facies. Dam Pond basalt occurs in a structural dome intercalated with and flanked by fine-grained, siliciclastic deposits (Big Head Formation) overlain by Trinity facies. The British Harbour basalt occurs above the Trinity facies, in an upward- coarsening sandstone sequence (Rocky Harbour Formation) overlain by red beds of the Crown Hill Formation (uppermost Musgravetown Group). The Rocky Harbour and Big Head formations are likely stratigraphically interfingered proximal and distal deposits, respectively, derived from erosion of the Bull Arm Formation and older Avalonian assemblages.
The Big Head basalts have lower SiO2, Zr, FeOT, P2O5, TiO2 and higher Mg#, Cr, V, Co and Ni contents, and are therefore more primitive than the more FeOT-, TiO2-, and P2O5-rich British Harbour basalts. Large-ionlithophile and rare-earth-element concentrations and ratios indicate that both suites originated from low degree partial melts of deep, weakly garnet-bearing, undepleted asthenospheric peridotite sources, with magma conduits likely focused along regional extensional faults. The protracted and episodic extension-related volcanic activity is consistent with a geodynamic setting that evolved from a mature arc into extensional basins with slowly waning magmatism, possibly involving slab rollback and delamination followed by magmatic underplating. The duration and variation of both volcanism and sedimentation indicate that the Musgravetown Group should be elevated to a Supergroup in order to facilitate future correlation of its constituent parts with other Avalonian basins.
References
Anderson, M.M. 1981. The Random Formation of southeastern Newfoundland: a discussion aimed at establishing its age and relationship to bounding formations. American Journal of Science, 281, pp. 807–831. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.281.6.807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.281.6.807
Benxun, S., Hongfu, Z., Asamoah, S.P., Kezhang, Q., and Yanjie, T. 2013. Garnet-Spinel Transition in the Upper Mantle: Review and Interpretation. Journal of Earth Science 21, 635–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-010-0117-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-010-0117-x
Brückner, D. and Anderson, M.M. 1971. Late Precambrian glacial deposits in southeastern Newfoundland, a preliminary note. Geological Association of Canada Proceedings, 24, pp. 95–102.
Brückner, D. 1977. Significance of new tillite finds for eastwest correlation of Proterozoic Avalon-zone formations in southeastern Newfoundland (Canada). Estudio Geologico, 33, pp. 357–364.
Cabanis, B. and Lécolle, M. 1989. Le diagramme La/10-Y/15-Nb/8: un outil pour la discrimination des series volcaniques et la mise en evidence des processus de mélange et/ou de contamination crustale. Comptes Rendus de l’Acadamie des Sciences, Series II, 309, pp. 2023–2029.
Christie, A.M. 1950. Geology of Bonavista map-area, Newfoundland (summary account). Department of Mines and Technical Surveys. Geological Survey of Canada. Paper 50-7, 40 p. [002C/0007]. https://doi.org/10.4095/123927 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4095/123927
Colman-Sadd, S.P., Hayes, J.P., and Knight, I. 1990. Geology of the Island of Newfoundland (digital version of Map 90-01). Geological Survey Branch, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Open File GS# NFLD/2192, scale: 1:1 000 000.
Condie, K. 2005. High field strength element ratios in Archean basalts: a window to evolving sources of mantle plumes? Lithos, 79, pp. 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.014
Finch, C., Roldan, R., Walsh, J.K., and Amor, S. 2018. Analytical methods for chemical analysis of geological materials. Geological Survey Branch, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Natural Resources, Open File NFLD/3316, 67 p.
Gardiner, S. and Hiscott, R.N. 1988. Deep-water facies and depositional setting of the lower Conception Group (Hadrynian), southern Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 25, pp. 1579–1594. https://doi.org/10.1139/e88-151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/e88-151
Graves, G. 2003. Noranda Incorporated and Cornerstone Resources Incorporated; First year, first year supplementary, second, third, and fourth year assessment report on geological, geochemical and diamond drilling exploration for license 6363M-6364M, 7821M, 7867M-7869M, 7939M, 7941M-7945M, 7948M, 8023M-8024M, 8069M-8099M, 8101M, 8329M, 8457M-8468M, and 8810M-8812M on claims in the Duntara to Deer Harbour area, eastern Newfoundland, 2 reports. Noranda Incorporated and Cornerstone Resources Incorporated [NFLD/2832].
Guiseppe, P.D., Agostini, S., Lustrino, M., Karaoglu, Ö., Savaşçin, M.Y., Manetti, P., and Ersoy, Y. 2018. Transition from compression to strike-slip tectonics revealed by Miocene-Pleistocene volcanism west of the Karliova Triple Junction (East Anatolia). Journal of Petrology, 58, pp. 2055–2087. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egx082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egx082
Hayes, A.O. 1948. Geology of the area between Bonavista and Trinity bays, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Newfoundland, Bulletin 32 (Part 1), pp. 1–37.
Hiscott, R.N. 1982. Tidal deposits of the Lower Cambrian Random Formation, eastern Newfoundland: facies and paleoenvironments. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19, pp. 2028–2042. https://doi.org/10.1139/e82-180 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/e82-180
Hofmann, H.J., O’Brien, S.J., and King, A.F. 2008. Ediacaran biota on Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 82 (1), pp. 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1666/06-087.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1666/06-087.1
Hughes, C.J. and Brückner, W.D. 1971. Late Precambrian rocks of eastern Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland – A volcanic island complex. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, pp. 899–915. https://doi.org/10.1139/e71-081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/e71-081
Hughes, C.J. and Malpas, J.G. 1971. Metasomatism in the late Precambrian Bull Arm Formation in southeastern Newfoundland: recognition and implications, The Geological Association of Canada, Proceedings, 24 (1), pp. 85–93.
Hutchinson, R.D. 1953. Geology of the Harbour Grace map-area, Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 275, 43 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/123933 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4095/123933
Jenness, S.E. 1963. Terra Nova and Bonavista map-areas, Newfoundland (2D E ½ and 2C). Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 327, 184 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/123899 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4095/123899
King, A.F. 1988. Geology of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (parts of 1K, 1L, 1M, 1N and 2C). Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Map 88 – 01, scale 1:250 000.
Krapez, K. 1996. Sequence stratigraphic concepts applied to the identification of basin-filling rhythms in Precambrian successions. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 43, pp. 355–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099608728260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099608728260
Large, R.R., Gemmell, J.B., and Paulick, H. 2001. The alteration box plot: A simple approach to understanding the relationship between alteration mineralogy and lithogeochemistry associated with volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology, 96, pp. 957–971. https://doi.org/10.2113/96.5.957 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/96.5.957
Mason, S.J., Narbonne, G.M., Dalrymple, R.W., and O’Brien, S.J. 2013. Paleoenvironmental analysis of Ediacaran strata in the Catalina Dome, Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 50, pp. 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0099
Matton, G. and Jébrak, M. 2009. The Cretaceous Peri-Atlantic Alkaline Pulse (PAAP): Deep mantle plume origin or shallow lithospheric break-up? Tectonophysics, 469, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.01.001
Matthews, J.J., Liu, A.G., Yang, C., McIlroy, D., Levell, B., and Condon, D.J. 2020. A chronostratigraphic framework for the rise of the Ediacaran macrobiota: new constraints from Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 133 (3-4), pp. 612–624. https://doi.org/10.1130/B35646.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/B35646.1
McCartney, W.D. 1967. Whitbourne map area, Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 341, 135 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/123895 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4095/123895
Middelburg, J.J., Van der Weijden, C.H., and Woittiez, J.R.W. 1988. Chemical processes affecting the mobility of major, minor and trace elements during weathering of granitic rocks. Chemical Geology, 68, pp. 253–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90025-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90025-3
Mills, A.J. 2019. Volcanic arc to arc-rift transition at Cutler Head, Sweet Bay area, Bonavista Peninsula. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 19-1, pp. 157–173.
Mills, A.J. 2020. Lithogeochemical database for igneous rocks from the Bonavista Peninsula, northeastern Newfoundland (NTS map area 2C/05, 06, 11 and 12SE). Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Open File 002C/0245, 10 p.
Mills, A.J. and Sandeman, H.A.I. 2015. Preliminary lithogeochemistry for mafic volcanic rocks from the Bonavista Peninsula, northeastern Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 15-1, pp. 173–189.
Mills, A.J. and Sandeman, H.A.I. 2017. Lithogeochemistry of mafic intrusive rocks from the Bonavista Peninsula, Avalon Terrane, northeastern Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 15-1, pp. 173–189.
Mills, A.J. and Sandeman, H.A.I. 2021. Reconnaissance lithogeochemical investigation of the Bull Arm Formation and significance of diamictite in the overlying Big Head Formation in the Long Harbour – Placentia area, western Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Industry, Energy and Technology, Geological Survey, Report 21-1, pp. 73–91.
Mills, A.J., Calon, T., and Peddle, C. 2016a. Preliminary investigations into the structural geology of the Bonavista Peninsula, northeast Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 16-1, pp. 133–152.
Mills, A.J., Dunning, G.R., and Langille, A. 2016b. New geochronological constraints on the Connecting Point Group, Bonavista Peninsula, Avalon Zone, Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 16-1, pp. 153–171.
Mills, A.J., Dunning, G.R., Murphy, M., and Langille, A. 2017. New geochronological constraints on the timing of magmatism for the Bull Arm Formation, Musgravetown Group, Avalon Terrane, Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 17-1, pp. 1–17.
Mills, A.J. and Dunning, G., and Sandeman, H. 2020. Lithogeochemical, isotopic, and U–Pb (zircon) age constraintson arc to rift magmatism, northwestern and central AvalonTerrane, Newfoundland, Canada: implications for local lithostratigraphy. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0196
Myrow, P.M. 1995. Neoproterozoic rocks of the Newfoundland Avalon Zone. Precambrian Research, 73, pp. 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)00074-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)00074-2
Niu, Y. Wilson, M., Humphreys, E.R., and O’Hara, M.J. 2011. The origin of intra-plate ocean island basalts (OIB): the Lid Effect and its geodynamic implications. Journal of Petrology, 52, pp. 1443–1468. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egr030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egr030
Normore, L.S. 2010. Geology of the Bonavista map area (NTS 2C/11), Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 10-1, pp. 281–301.
Normore, L.S. 2011. Preliminary findings on the geology of the Trinity map area (NTS 2C/06), Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 11-1, pp. 273–293.
Normore, L.S. 2012a. Geology of the Random Island map area (NTS 2C/04), Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 12-1, pp. 121–145.
Normore, L.S. 2012b. Geology of the Random Island map area (NTS 2C/04), Newfoundland. Government of Newfoundland Labrador, Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey. Map 2012-06, scale 1:50 000. GS#002C/04/0191
O’Brien, S.J. and King, A.F. 2002. Neoproterozoic stratigraphy of the Bonavista Peninsula: preliminary results, regional correlations and implications for sediment-hosted stratiform copper exploration in the Newfoundland Avalon Zone. In Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy Geological Survey, Report 02-1, pp. 229–244.
O’Brien, S.J. and King, A.F. 2004. Late Neoproterozoic to earliest Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Avalon Zone in the Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland: an update. In Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy Geological Survey, Report 04-1, pp. 213–224.
O’Brien, S.J. and King, A.F. 2005. Late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) stratigraphy of the Avalon Zone sedimentary rocks, Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland. In Current Research. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 05-1, pp. 101–114 [NFLD/2903].
O’Brien, S.J., Dubé, B., O’Driscoll, C.F., and Mills, J. 1998. Geological setting of gold mineralization and related hydrothermal alteration in late Neoproterozoic (post-640 Ma) Avalonian rocks of Newfoundland, with a review of coeval gold deposits elsewhere in the Appalachian Avalonian belt. In Current Research. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 98-1, pp. 93–124.
O’Brien, S.J., Dubé, B., and O’Driscoll, C.F. 1999. High-sulphidation, epithermal-style hydrothermal systems in late Neoproterozoic Avalonian rocks on the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland: implications for gold exploration. In Current Research. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 99-1, pp. 275–296.
O’Brien, S.J., O’Brien, B.H., Dunning, G.R., and Tucker, R.D. 1996. Late Neoproterozoic Avalonian and related peri-Gondwanan rocks of the Newfoundland Appalachians. In Avalonian and Related Peri-Gondwanan Terranes of the Circum-North Atlantic. Edited by R.D. Nance, R.D. and M.D. Thompson. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 304, pp. 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2304-3.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2304-3.9
O’Brien, S.J., Dunning, G.R., Dubé, C.F, Sparkes, B., Israel, S., and Ketchum, J. 2001. New insights into the Neoproterozoic geology of the central Avalon Peninsula (parts of NTS map areas 1N/6, 1N/7 and 1N/3), Eastern Newfoundland. In Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy Geological Survey, Report 2001-1, pp 169–189.
Pearce, J.A. 1996. A user’s guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. In Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks; Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration. Short Course Notes, Geological Association of Canada, 12, pp. 79–113.
Pearce, J.A. 2008. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos, 100, pp. 14–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.016
Pearce, J.A. and Cann, J.R. 1973. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19, pp. 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(73)90129-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(73)90129-5
Pearce, J.A. and Norry, M.J. 1979. Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb variations in volcanic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69, pp. 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375192
Piercey, S.J., Nelson, J.L., Colpron, M., Dusel-Bacon, C., Simard, R.-L., and Roots, C.F. 2006. Paleozoic magmatism and crustal recycling along the ancient Pacific margin of North America, northern Cordillera. In Paleozoic Evolution and Metallogeny of Pericratonic Terranes at the Ancient Pacific Margin of North America, Canadian and Alaskan Cordillera. Edited by M. Colpron, M. and J.L. Nelson. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, 45, pp. 281–322.
Pu, J.P., Bowring, S.A., Ramezani, J., Myrow, P., Raub, T.D., Landing, E., Mills, A., Hodgin, E., and Macdonald, F.A. 2016. Dodging snowballs: Geochronology of the Gaskiers glaciation and the first appearance of the Ediacaran biota. Geology, 44, pp. 955–958. https://doi.org/10.1130/G38284.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/G38284.1
Retallack, G.J. 2014. Volcanosedimentary paleoenvironments of Ediacaran fossils in Newfoundland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 126, pp. 619–638. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30892.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/B30892.1
Rock, N.M.S. 1991. Lamprophyres. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 285 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0929-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0929-2
Rooney, T.O. 2010. Geochemical evidence of lithospheric thinning in the southern Main Ethiopian Rift. Lithos, 117, pp. 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2010.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2010.02.002
Rudnick, R.L. and Gao, S. 2003. Composition of the continental crust. Treatise on geochemistry, 3, 659 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/03016-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/03016-4
Skipton, D.R., Dunning, G.R., and Sparkes, G.W. 2013. Late Neoproterozoic arc-related magmatism in the Horse Cove Complex, eastern Avalon Zone, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 50, pp. 462–482. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0090
Sparkes, G.W. and Dunning, G.R. 2014. Late Neoproterozoic epithermal alteration and mineralization in the western Avalon Zone: a summary of mineralogical investigations and new U/Pb geochronological results. In Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Report 14-1, pp. 99–128.
Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basin. Edited by A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 42, pp. 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19
van Staal, C.R., Winchester, J.A., and Bédard, J.H. 1991. Geochemical variations in Middle Ordovician volcanic rocks of the northern Miramachi Highlands and their tectonic significance. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, pp. 1031–1049. https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-094
Walcott, C.D. 1900. Random, a pre-Cambrian Upper Algonkian Terrane. Bulletin Geological Society of America, 11, pp. 3–5.
Wass, S. 1973. The origin and petrogenetic significance of hour-glass zoning in titaniferous clinopyroxenes. Mineralogical Magazine, 39 (302), pp. 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1973.039.302.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1973.039.302.01
Williams, H. and King, A.F. 1979. Trepassey map area, Newfoundland. Geological Survey, Memoir 389, pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.4095/124185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4095/124055
Wood, D.A. 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 50, pp. 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90116-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90116-8
Youbi, N., Ernst, R.E., Söderlund, U., Boumehdi, M.A., Air Lahna, A., Tassinari, C.C.G., El Moume, W., and Bensalah, M.K. 2020. The Central Iapetus magmatic province: An updated review and link with the ca. 580 Ma Gaskiers glaciation. In Mass extinctions, volcanism, and impacts: new developments. Edited by T. Adatte, D.P.G. Bond, and G. Keller. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 544, pp. 35–66. https://doi.org/10.1130/2020.2544(02) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/2020.2544(02)
Ziberna, L., Klemme, S., and Nimis, P. 2013. Garnet and spinel in fertile and depleted mantle: insights from thermodynamic modelling. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 166, 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0882-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0882-5
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
As of January 1, 2025, Atlantic Geoscience is adopting Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, even for commercial purposes.
Copyright to material published in Atlantic Geoscience is normally retained by the author. Alternate arrangements can be made on request for government employees.
Permission to use a single graphic for which the author owns copyright is considered “fair dealing” under the Canadian Copyright Act and “fair use” by the journal, and no other permission need be granted, subject to the image being appropriately cited in all reproductions. The same fair dealing/fair use policy applies to sections of text up to 100 words in length.
