Aller directement au menu principal Aller directement au contenu principal Aller au pied de page

Articles

Vol. 27 No. 1 (2024)

Refugee-background students in Canadian French immersion programs: Exploring the perspectives and ideologies of educators

DOI
https://doi.org/10.37213/cjal.2024.33541
Soumise
juin 30, 2023
Publié-e
2024-03-15

Résumé

Les programmes d’immersion française (IF) deviennent plus diversifiés sur le plan culturel et linguistique grâce à la migration grandissante au Canada. Dans la présente étude à méthodes mixtes, nous explorons les perspectives et les idéologies des enseignant.e.s, des directrices.eurs et du personnel du bureau central dans huit conseils scolaires en Saskatchewan, au Manitoba et en Alberta par rapport aux élèves réfugiés en IF. En triangulant les réponses au questionnaire (n=126) et les entrevues (n=40), nous examinons les perspectives sur quatre thèmes : 1) la pertinence de l’IF pour les élèves réfugiés; 2) l’apprentissage langagier; 3) les défis des élèves réfugiés; et 4) les soutiens et les ressources en IF. Adoptant la perspective théorique de la sociolinguistique pour le changement, nous discutons de trois idéologies sous-jacentes des éducatrices.eurs à travers les prairies canadiennes: 1) les idéologies anglo-dominantes; 2) les idéologies déficitaires; et 3) les tensions idéologiques entre l’inclusion et le soutien.

Références

  1. Arnett, K., & Mady, C. (2018). Exemption and exclusion from French Second Language programs in Canada: Consideration of novice teachers’ rationales. Exceptionality Education International, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.5206/eei.v28i1.7760
  2. Arnett, K., Mady, C., & Muilenburg, L. (2014). Canadian FSL teacher candidate beliefs about students with learning difficulties. Theory and practice in language studies, 4(3), 447. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.3.447-457
  3. Arnett, K., & Turnbull, M. (2007). Teacher beliefs in second and foreign language teaching: A state-of-the-art review. In H. J. Siskin (Ed.), AAUSC issues in language program direction. From thought to action: Exploring beliefs and outcomes in the foreign language program. The American Association of University Supervisors, Coordinators and Directors of Foreign Languages Programs (AAUSC), 9-28. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/69640
  4. Arnott, S., Masson, M., & Lapkin, S. (2019). Exploring trends in 21st century Canadian K-12 French as second language research: A research synthesis. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 22(1). https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/28702
  5. Auger, N., Dalley, P., et Roy, S. (2007). Stéréotypes et stéréotypages du bilinguisme en classe de français langue seconde et minoritaire. Dans Colloque international" Stéréotypage, stéréotypes : fonctionnements ordinaires et mises en scène", Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, 21-23 juin 2006 (pp. 25-36). L'Harmattan. https://hal.science/hal-00965930
  6. Bahi, B., et Piquemal, N. (2013). Dépossession socio-économique, linguistique et résilience : horizons de mobilité sociale chez les élèves immigrants, réfugiés au Manitoba. Cahiers franco-canadiens de l'Ouest, 25(1), 109-128. https://doi.org/10.7202/1026088ar
  7. Blommaert, J., & Backus, A. (2013). Superdiverse repertoires and the individual. In Multilingualism and multimodality (pp. 9-32). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1007/97
  8. Bourgoin, R. C. (2016). French immersion “So why would you do something like that to a child?”: Issues of advocacy, accessibility, and inclusion. International Journal of Bias, Identity and Diversities in Education (IJBIDE), 1(1), 42-58. https://10.4018/IJBIDE.2016010104
  9. Bourgoin, R., & Dicks, J. (2019). Learning to read in multiple languages: A study exploring allophone students’ reading development in French immersion. Language and Literacy, 21(2), 10-28. https://doi.org/10.20360/langandlit29466
  10. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  11. Byrd Clark, J. (2008). So why do you want to teach French? Representations of multilingualism and language investment through a reflexive critical sociolinguistic ethnography. Ethnography and Education, 3(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457820801899017
  12. Byrd Clark, J. (2010). Making" wiggle room" in French as a second language/Francais langue seconde: reconfiguring identity, language, and policy. Canadian Journal of Education, 33(2), 379-406.
  13. Byrd Clark, J. (2011). Toward a policy of heterogeneity in Canada: The journeys of integration of multilingual student teachers of FSL in Ontario in plurilingual times. OLBI Journal, 3.
  14. Byrd Clark, J. (2012). Heterogeneity and a sociolinguistics of multilingualism: Reconfiguring French language pedagogy. Language and Linguistics Compass, 6(3), 143-161.
  15. Byrd Clark, J. S., & Roy, S. (2022). Becoming “multilingual” professional French language teachers in transnational and contemporary times: Toward transdisciplinary approaches. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 78(3), 249-270. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr- 2020-0023
  16. Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
  17. Dagenais, D. (2003). Accessing imagined communities through multilingualism and immersion education. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 2(4), 269-283. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327701jlie0204_3
  18. Dagenais, D. (2008). La prise en compte du plurilinguisme d’enfants issus de familles immigrantes en contexte scolaire: une analyse de cas 1. Revue des sciences de l'éducation, 34(2), 351-375. https://doi.org/10.7202/019685ar
  19. Dagenais, D., & Berron, C. (2001). Promoting multilingualism through French immersion and language maintenance in three immigrant families. Language Culture and Curriculum, 14(2), 142-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310108666618
  20. Dagenais, D. et Jacquet, M. (2000). Valorisation du multilinguisme et de l’éducation bilingue dans des familles immigrantes. Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'intégration et de la migration internationale, 1, 389-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134000-1021-5
  21. Dagenais, D. et Moore, D. (2008). Représentations des littératies plurilingues, de l’immersion en français et des dynamiques identitaires chez des parents chinois. Canadian Modern Language Review, 65(1), 11-31. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.65.1.11
  22. Dalley, P. et Roy, S. (Eds.). (2008). Francophonie, minorités et pédagogie. University of Ottawa Press. https://doi.org/10.7202/038739ar
  23. Davis, S. (2019). How am I supposed to teach them French when they can’t even speak English?”: Unpacking the myth of English proficiency as a prerequisite for French immersion. Journal of Belonging, Identity, Language, and Diversity, 3(1), 5-22.
  24. Davis, S. (2023). Multilingual learners in Canadian French immersion programs: Looking back and moving forward. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 79(3), 163-180. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr-2022-0051
  25. Davis, S., Ballinger, S., & Sarkar, M. (2019). The suitability of French immersion for allophone students in Saskatchewan: Exploring diverse perspectives on language learning and inclusion. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 22(2), 27-63. https://doi.org/10.7202/1063773ar
  26. Davis, S., Ballinger, S., & Sarkar, M. (2021). “More languages means more lights in your house”: Illuminating the experiences of newcomer families in French immersion. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 9(2), 336-363. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.20015.dav
  27. Genesee, F. (2007). French immersion and at-risk students: A review of research evidence. Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(5), 655-687. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.63.5.655
  28. Ghadi, N., Massing, C., Kikulwe, D., & Giesbrecht, C. (2019). Language and identity development among Syrian adult refugees in Canada: A Bourdieusian analysis. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.20355/jcie29358
  29. Gibbs, G. R. (2007). Thematic coding and categorizing. Analyzing Qualitative Data, 703, 38-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781849208574
  30. Guo, Y., Maitra, S., & Guo, S. (2019). “I belong to nowhere”: Syrian refugee children’s perspectives on school integration. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education, 14(1), 89-105. https://10.20355/jcie29362
  31. Heller, M. (2002). Globalization and the commodification of bilingualism in Canada. In Globalization and language teaching (pp. 47-64). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2003.00238.x
  32. Heller, M. (2003). Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of sociolinguistics, 7(4), 473-492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2003.00238.x
  33. Kikulwe, D., Massing, C., Ghadi, N., Giesbrecht, C. J., & Halabuza, D. (2021). From Independence to dependence: Experiences of Syrian refugees. International Migration, 59(5), 216-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12825
  34. Knouzi, I., & Mady, C. (2017). Indicators of an “immigrant advantage” in the writing of L3 French learners. Canadian Modern Language Review, 73(3), 368-392. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.3818
  35. Lapkin, S., MacFarlane, A., & Vandergrift, L. (2006). Teaching French in Canada: FSL teachers’ perspectives.
  36. MacNevin, J. (2012). Learning the way: Teaching and learning with and for youth from refugee backgrounds on Prince Edward Island. Canadian Journal of Education, 35(3), 48-63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/canajeducrevucan.35.3.48
  37. Mady, C. (2007). The suitability of core French for recently arrived adolescent immigrants to Canada. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 177-196. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/19741
  38. Mady, C. (2012). Inclusion of English language learners in French as a second official language classes: Teacher knowledge and beliefs. International Journal of Multilingualism, 9(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2011.565877
  39. Mady, C. (2013). Moving towards inclusive French as a second official language education in Canada. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 17(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2011.580463
  40. Mady, C. (2015). Immigrants outperform Canadian-born groups in French immersion: Examining factors that influence their achievement. International Journal of Multilingualism, 12(3), 298-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2014.967252
  41. Mady, C. (2016). French immersion for English language learners?: Kindergarten teachers’ perspectives. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 62(3), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.11575/ajer.v62i3.56180
  42. Mady, C., & Masson, M. (2018). Principals’ beliefs about language learning and inclusion of English language learners in Canadian elementary French immersion programs. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 21(1), 71-93. https://doi.org/10.7202/1050811ar
  43. Mady, C., & Turnbull, M. (2012). Official language bilingualism for allophones in Canada: Exploring future research. TESL Canada Journal, 131-131. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v29i2.1105
  44. Marshall, S., & Moore, D. (2018). Plurilingualism amid the panoply of lingualisms: Addressing critiques and misconceptions in education. International Journal of Multilingualism, 15(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2016.1253699
  45. Massfeller, H., & Hamm, L. D. (2019). “I’m thinking i want to live a better life”: Syrian refugee student adjustment in New Brunswick. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.20355/jcie29354
  46. Massing, C., Ghadi, N., Kikulwe, D., & Nakutnyy, K. (2023). Elementary schooling across borders: Refugee-background children’s pre-and post-migration experiences. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2022.2155736
  47. Masson, M., Kunnas, M., Boreland, T., & Prasad, G. (2022). Developing an anti-biased, anti-racist stance in second language teacher education programs. Canadian Modern Language Review, 78(4), 385-414. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr-2021-0100
  48. Moore, D. (2010). Multilingual literacies and third script acquisition: Young Chinese children in French immersion in Vancouver, Canada. International Journal of Multilingualism, 7(4), 322-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2010.502231
  49. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees (UNHCR). (2001) International Organizations. [Web Archive]. Library of Congress. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0000457/
  50. Prasad, G. (2015). Beyond the mirror towards a plurilingual prism: Exploring the creation of plurilingual ‘identity texts’ in English and French classrooms in Toronto and Montpellier. Intercultural Education, 26(6), 497-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2015.1109775
  51. Roy, S. (2012). Qui décide du meilleur français? Représentations des variétés linguistiques du français en immersion. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 15(1), 1-19. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/19944
  52. Roy, S. (2015). Discours et idéologies en immersion française. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 18(2), 125-143. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/22926
  53. Roy, S. (2020). French immersion ideologies in Canada. Lexington Books.
  54. Sabatier, C., Moore, D., & Dagenais, D. (2013). Espaces urbains, compétences littératiées multimodales, identités citoyennes en immersion française au Canada. Glottopol, 21, 138-161. https://www.univ-rouen.fr/dyalang/glottopol
  55. Shapiro, S. (2014). "Words That You Said Got Bigger": English Language Learners' Lived Experiences of Deficit Discourse. Research in the Teaching of English, 386-406. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24398689
  56. Shapiro, S., & MacDonald, M. T. (2017). From deficit to asset: Locating discursive resistance in a refugee-background student’s written and oral narrative. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 16(2), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2016.1277725
  57. Statistics Canada. (2023). Focus on Geography Series, 2021 Census of Population. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/fogs-spg/index.cfm?Lang=E.
  58. Sterzuk, A., & Shin, H. (2021). English monolingualism in Canada: A critical analysis of language ideologies. In U. Lanvers, A.S. Thompson, M. East (Eds.) Language learning in anglophone countries. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56654-8_4
  59. Stewart, J., El Chaar, D., McCluskey, K., & Borgardt, K. (2019). Refugee student integration: A focus on settlement, education, and psychosocial support. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.20355/jcie29364
  60. Turnbull, M., Lapkin, S., & Hart, D. (2001). Grade 3 immersion students' performance in literacy and mathematics: Province-wide results from Ontario (1998-99). Canadian Modern Language Review, 58(1), 9-26. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.58.1.9
  61. Wilkinson, L. A. (2001). The integration of refugee youth in Canada. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta]. University of Alberta Librariries. https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-7yjc-aw09
  62. Wilkinson, L., Garcea, J., Bhattacharyya, P., Riziki, A., & Abdul Karim, A.-B. (2017) Resettling on the Canadian prairies: Integration of Syrian refugees. Calgary: Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada, Integration Branch-Prairies and Northwest Territories Division, and Alberta Association of Immigrant Serving Agencies, 89 pages.
  63. Wise, N. (2011). Access to special education for exceptional students in French immersion programs: An equity issue. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 177-193. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/19873