Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Articles

Vol. 27 No. 2 (2024): Special Issue: Indigenous Language Revitalization and Applied Linguistics: Exploring Relationships

Singing Synthesizers: Musical Language Revitalization through UTAUloid

DOI
https://doi.org/10.37213/cjal.2024.34535
Submitted
January 29, 2025
Published
2024-09-15

Abstract

Music plays many important roles in language revitalization, from attracting learners and fostering speech communities to supporting language learning. These effects, however, are largely independent from the skills which linguists bring to language revitalization. This study introduces one concrete way in which applied linguistics can directly support musical language revitalization with UTAUloids – speech-and-music software synthesizers – illustrated through the creation of a Cherokee UTAUloid as part of ancestral language reclamation by a learner-linguist Cherokee Nation citizen. Through their focus on “massive collaboration,” low-resource music production, and youth involvement, UTAUloids are uniquely situated to serve as instruments for language revitalization. Even the act of creating an UTAUloid itself allows speakers and learners who may not consider themselves “musical” to contribute to musical language revitalization, and this study provides a step-by-step methodology to make creating an UTAUloid as accessible as possible for anyone interested in incorporating music into their own language revitalization practice.

References

  1. Abrate, J. H. (1983). Pedagogical applications of the French popular song in the foreign language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 67(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1983.tb02492.x
  2. Antoine, J. (2015). The role of traditional songs in the maintenance and preservation of Lakota language and culture. In N. Ostler, & B. W. Lintinger (Eds.), Proceedings of foundation for endangered languages (Vol. 19, pp. 17–23).
  3. Archer, J. (2002, October 4). Poi-E. New Zealand Folk Song. https://folksong.org.nz/poi_e/
  4. Ashton, K. (2020). The Jersey song project. In J. Olko, & J. Sallabank (Eds.), Revitalizing endangered languages: A practical guide (pp. 289–290). Cambridge University Press.
  5. Ashton, K. (2022). Êcliaithe Man Tchoeu [Light Up My Heart]: Applied ethnomusicology and the revitalisation of the endangered language of Jèrriais [PhD Thesis]. Goldsmiths, University of London, England, U.K.
  6. Audacity Team. (2022). Audacity®: Free Audio Editor and Recorder (3.2.5) [Computer software]. https://www.audacityteam.org/
  7. Barrett, R. (2016). Mayan language revitalization, hip hop, and ethnic identity in Guatemala. Language & Communication, 47, 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2015.08.005
  8. BBC News. (2018, October 20). Gwenno “sparks record numbers” in Cornish exams. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-45917661
  9. Berez-Kroeker, A. L., Gabber, S., & Slayton, A. (2023). Recent Advances in Technologies for Resource Creation and Mobilization in Language Documentation. Annual Review of Linguistics, 9,195–214. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031220-120504
  10. Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2023). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (6.3.09) [Computer software]. http://www.praat.org/
  11. Bracknell, C. (2020). Rebuilding as research: Noongar song, language and ways of knowing. Journal of Australian Studies, 44(2), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2020.1746380
  12. Bracknell, C., Bracknell, K., Fenty Studham, S., & Fereday, L. (2021). Supporting the performance of Noongar language in Hecate. Theatre, Dance and Performance Training, 12(3), 377–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443927.2021.1943506
  13. Brinklow, N. T., Littell, P., Lothian, D., Pine, A., & Souter, H. (2019). Indigenous language technologies & language reclamation in Canada. In European Language Resources Association (Ed.), Language technology for all (LT4All): Enabling language diversity and multilingualism worldwide (pp. 402–406). UNESCO Publishing.
  14. Brown, R., Manmurulu, D., Manmurulu, J., O’Keeffe, I., & Singer, R. (2017). Maintaining song traditions and languages together at Warruwi (western Arnhem Land). In J. W. Wafer, & M. Turpin (Eds.), Recirculating songs: Revitalising the singing practices of indigenous Australia. Hunter Press.
  15. Caldwell, E. (2023, March 27). Can a newly installed cellphone tower help preserve a language? NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/03/27/1166180027/can-a-newly-installed-cell-phone-tower-help-preserve-a-language
  16. Cherokee Nation. (2022). Cherokee national youth choir. Cherokee Nation Education Services. https://www.cherokee.org/all-services/education-services/youth-leadership/cherokee-national-youth-choir/
  17. Cherokee Phoenix Staff. (2022, August 9). Cherokee Nation launches innovative speaker services program. Cherokee Phoenix https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/services/cherokee-nation-launches-innovative-speaker-services-program/article_dcd76e94-17e7-11ed-9509-ffd3a6635251.html
  18. Chun, D. M. (1998). Signal analysis software for teaching discourse intonation. Language Learning & Technology, 2(1), 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10125/25033
  19. Chun, D. M., & Jiang, Y. (2022). Using technology to explore L2 pronunciation. In J. M. Levis, T. M. Derwing, & S. Sonsaat-Hegelheimer (Eds.), Second language pronunciation: Bridging the gap between research and teaching (pp. 129–150). John Wiley & Sons.
  20. Clusternote. (2014). Vocal synthesizer piano roll—Sakura Sakura.jpg [Digital image]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vocal_synthesizer_piano_roll_-Sakura_Sakura.jpg
  21. Condry, I. (2011, July 11). Miku: Japan’s virtual idol and media platform. MIT Center for Civic Media. https://civic.mit.edu/index.html%3Fp=1749.html
  22. Cotter, C. (2001). Continuity and vitality: Expanding domains through Irish-language radio. In L. Hinton, & K. Hale (Eds.), The green book of language revitalization in practice (pp. 301–316). Brill.
  23. Cru, J. (2018). Micro-level language planning and YouTube comments: Destigmatising indigenous languages through rap music. Current Issues in Language Planning, 19(4), 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2018.1468960
  24. Crypton Future Media. (n.d.). Who is Hatsune Miku? Retrieved March 31, 2023, from https://ec.crypton.co.jp/pages/prod/virtualsinger/cv01_us
  25. Cushman, E. (2010). Gadugi: Where the fire burns (still). In S. Kahn, & J. Lee (Eds.), Activism and rhetoric: Theories and contexts for political engagement (pp. 56–61). Routledge.
  26. Cushman, E. (2012). The Cherokee syllabary: Writing the people’s perseverance. University of Oklahoma Press.
  27. Cushman, E. (2013). Wampum, Sequoyan, and story: Decolonizing the digital archive. College English, 76(2), 115–135. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24238145
  28. Daniels, B., & Sterzuk, A. (2022). Indigenous language revitalization and applied linguistics: Conceptualizing an ethical space of engagement between academic fields. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 25(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.37213/cjal.2022.31841
  29. Danos, D., & Turin, M. (2021). Living language, resurgent radio: A survey of Indigenous language broadcasting initiatives. Living Language, 15, 75-152 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24971
  30. Davis, G. M. (2017). Songs in the young learner classroom: A critical review of evidence. ELT Journal, 71(4), 445-455. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccw097
  31. Dołowy-Rybińska, N. (2020). Fest-noz and the revitalisation of the Breton language. In J. Olko, & J. Sallabank (Eds.), Revitalizing endangered languages: A practical guide (pp. 287–288). Cambridge University Press.
  32. Eaton, K. (2022, April 19). Cherokee artists are preserving their language through music. Good Good Good. https://www.goodgoodgood.co/articles/cherokee-language-music-album
  33. Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (Eds.). (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (25th ed.). SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com
  34. Engh, D. (2013). Why use music in English language learning? A survey of the literature. English Language Teaching, 6(2), 113-127. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n2p113
  35. Golla, V. (2010). North America. In C. Moseley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages (pp. 1–96). Routledge.
  36. Good, A. J., Russo, F. A., & Sullivan, J. (2015). The efficacy of singing in foreign-language learning. Psychology of Music, 43(5), 627–640.
  37. Goodyear, S. (Director). (2019, May 1). Meet the N.S. teenager who sang Blackbird by The Beatles entirely in Mi’kmaw. CBC Radio. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-wednesday-edition-1.5118294/meet-the-n-s-teenager-who-sang-blackbird-by-the-beatles-entirely-in-mi-kmaw-1.5118296
  38. Grant, C. (2014). Music endangerment: How language maintenance can help. Oxford University Press.
  39. Hinton, L. (2001). Language Revitalization: An Overview. In L. Hinton, & K. Hale (Eds.), The green book of language revitalization in practice (pp. 3–18). Academy Press.
  40. Jadii. (2009). Sachi Eika UTAUloid. http://terraloid.tumblr.com/sachi_eika
  41. Johnson, H. (2012). “The group from the west”: Song, endangered language and sonic activism on Guernsey. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 1(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.006
  42. Jolly, Y. S. (1975). The use of songs in teaching foreign languages. The Modern Language Journal, 59(1/2), 11–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/325440
  43. Kenmochi, H. (2010). VOCALOID and Hatsune Miku phenomenon in Japan. Proceedings of InterSing 2010: First Interdisciplinary Workshop on Singing Voice, 1–4. https://www.isca-archive.org/intersinging_2010/kenmochi10_intersinging.pdf
  44. Kenmochi, H., & Ohshita, H. (2007). VOCALOID - Commercial singing synthesizer based on sample concatenation. Proceedings of Interspeech 2007, 4009–4010. https://www.isca-archive.org/interspeech_2007/kenmochi07_interspeech.pdf
  45. Knoepp, L. (2019, September 24). Heading down the ‘old town road’ to teach the Cherokee language. Blue Ridge Public Radio. https://www.bpr.org/news/2019-09-24/heading-down-the-old-town-road-to-teach-the-cherokee-language
  46. Kukutai, T., & Taylor, J. (2016). Data sovereignty for Indigenous peoples: Current practice and future needs. In T. Kukutai, & J. Taylor (Eds.), Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda (pp. 1–22). Australian National University Press.
  47. Lam, K. Y. (2016). The Hatsune Miku phenomenon: More than a virtual J-pop diva. The Journal of Popular Culture, 49(5), 1107–1124. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.12455
  48. Le, L. K. (2014). Examining the rise of Hatsune Miku: The first international virtual idol. The UCI Undergraduate Research Journal, 1-12.
  49. Leonard, W. Y. (2012). Reframing language reclamation programmes for everybody’s empowerment. Gender and Language, 6(2), 339–367. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v6i2.339
  50. Levis, J. (2007). Computer technology in teaching and researching pronunciation. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 27, 184–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190508070098
  51. Llewellyn, M. (2000). Popular music in the Welsh language and the affirmation of youth identities. Popular Music, 19(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261143000000192
  52. LMMS Developers. (2020). LMMS (1.2.2) [Computer software]. https://lmms.io/
  53. Lucas, O. R. (2021). Kaitiakitanga, Whai Wāhi and alien weaponry: Indigenous frameworks for understanding language, identity and international success in the case of a Māori metal band. Popular Music, 40(2), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261143021000131
  54. MacKinnon, K. (2005). Cornish/Kernewek. In D. O’Néill (Ed.), Rebuilding the Celtic languages: Reversing language shift in the Celtic countries (pp. 214–274). Y Lolfa.
  55. March, L. (2022). “Wrap you up in my blue hair”: Vocaloid, Hyperpop, and Identity in “Ashnikko Feat. Hatsune Miku – Daisy 2.0.” Television & New Media, 24(8), 894-910. https://doi.org/10.1177/15274764221093599
  56. Marett, A., & Barwick, L. (2003). Endangered songs and endangered languages. In J. Blythe, & R. M. Brown (Eds.), Maintaining the links: Language identity and the land (pp. 144–151). Foundation for Endangered Languages.
  57. McCarty, T. L., Nicholas, S. E., Chew, K. A. B., Diaz, N. G., Leonard, W. Y., & White, L. (2018). Hear our languages, hear our voices: Storywork as theory and praxis in Indigenous-language reclamation. Daedalus, 147(2), 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00499
  58. McIvor, O. (2020). Indigenous language revitalization and applied linguistics: Parallel histories, shared futures? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 40, 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190520000094
  59. Mithun, M. (1999). The languages of native North America. Cambridge University Press.
  60. Montgomery-Anderson, B. (2015). Cherokee reference grammar. University of Oklahoma Press.
  61. Moseley, C. (Ed.). (2010). Atlas of the world’s languages in danger. UNESCO Publishing.
  62. MuseScore Contributors. (2023). MuseScore (4.0.2) [Computer software]. https://musescore.org/
  63. Nummelin, G. (2020). One song, many voices: Revitalising Ainu through music. In J. Olko & J. Sallabank (Eds.), Revitalizing endangered languages: A practical guide (pp. 291–293). Cambridge University Press.
  64. Peter, L., Hirata-Edds, T., Feeling, D., Kirk, W., Mackey, R. “Wahde,” & Duncan, P. T. (2017). The Cherokee Nation immersion school as a translanguaging space. Journal of American Indian Education, 56(1), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.5749/jamerindieduc.56.1.0005
  65. Przybylski, L. (2018). Bilingual hip hop from community to classroom and back: A study in decolonial applied ethnomusicology. Ethnomusicology, 62(3), 375–402. https://doi.org/10.5406/ethnomusicology.62.3.0375
  66. Przybylski, L. (2021). Indigenizing the mainstream: Music festivals and Indigenous popular music. IASPM Journal, 11(2), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.5429/2079-3871(2021)v11i2.2en
  67. Pulte, W., & Feeling, D. (1975). Outline of Cherokee grammar. In W. Pulte (Ed.), Cherokee-English dictionary (pp. 235–355). Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.
  68. Salazar, J., Belmar, G., Scanlon, C., Troiani, G., & Campbell, E. W. (2021). Bridging diaspora: Technology in the service of the revitalization of Sàꞌán Sàvǐ ñà Yukúnanǐ (Mixtec). Endangered Languages and Diaspora - XXV Annual Conference Proceedings, 176–185. https://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/people/campbell/Salazaretal-bridgingdiaspora-2021_11_04.pdf
  69. Schmidt, J. (2003). German rap music in the classroom. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German, 36(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2307/3531679
  70. Sheehan, M. (2016). Mana Wahine: Māori women in music. Te Kaharoa, 9(1), 76-90. https://doi.org/10.24135/tekaharoa.v9i1.12
  71. Snyder, S. L. (2016). Poetics, performance, and translation in Eastern Cherokee language revitalization [PhD Thesis]. Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.
  72. Sometimes, B., & Kelly, A. (2010). Ngapartji Ngapartji: Indigenous language in the arts. In J. Hobson, K. Lowe, S. Poetsch, & M. Walsh (Eds.), Re-awakening languages: Theory and practice in the revitalisation of Australia’s Indigenous languages (pp. 85–89). Sydney University Press.
  73. Sousa, A. M. D. de. (2014). A colaboração massiva de Hatsune Miku: Software vocaloid como catalisador de criações colectivas, grassroots e multidisciplinares na subcultura otaku [The massive collaboration of Hatsune Miku: Vocaloid software as a catalyst for collective, grassroots and multidisciplinary creation in otaku subculture]. Revista Croma, Estudos Artísticos, 2(3), 121–137. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/12237
  74. Sparling, H., MacIntyre, P., & Baker, S. (2022). Motivating traditional musicians to learn a heritage language in Gaelic Nova Scotia. Ethnomusicology, 66(1), 157–181. https://doi.org/10.5406/21567417.66.1.09
  75. Te Hiku Media. (2023). Kaitiakitanga License. https://github.com/TeHikuMedia/Kaitiakitanga-License/blob/tumu/LICENSE.md
  76. Tegge, F. (2018). Pop songs in the classroom: Time-filler or teaching tool? ELT Journal, 72(3), 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccx071
  77. Tuttle, S. G. (2012). Language and music in the songs of Minto, Alaska. Language Documentation and Description, 10, 82–112. https://doi.org/10.25894/ldd191
  78. Tuttle, S. G., & Lundström, H. (2015). Taking charge: Learner agency in the transmission of song and speech traditions. In N. Ostler, & B. W. Lintinger (Eds.), Proceedings of Foundation for Endangered Languages (Vol. 19, pp. 38–44).
  79. Uchihara, H. (2016). Tone and accent in Oklahoma Cherokee (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
  80. UTAU Wikia contributors. (n.d.). Sachi Eika. UTAU Wikia. Retrieved March 31, 2023, from http://utau.wikia.com/wiki/Sachi_Eika
  81. Vallejo, J. M. (2019). Revitalising language through music: A case study of music and culturally grounded pedagogy in two Kanien’ke:ha (Mohawk) language immersion programmes. Ethnomusicology Forum, 28(1), 89–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/17411912.2019.1641124
  82. Walsh, M. (2018). “Language is like food...” Links between language revitalization and health and well-being. In L. Hinton, L. M. Huss, & G. Roche, The Routledge handbook of language revitalization (pp. 5–12). Routledge New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315561271
  83. Yin, Y. (2018). Vocaloid in China: Cosmopolitan music, cultural expression, and multilayer identity. Global Media and China, 3(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436418778600
  84. ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎪᎢ/Anadisgoi. (2023, February 21). Cherokee Nation reaches 450,000 Cherokee citizens. ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎪᎢ/Anadisgoi. https://anadisgoi.com/index.php/government-stories/cherokee-nation-reaches-450-000-cherokee-citizens