In 1629, the subjects of Charles I almost completely drove the French out of New France by seizing Quebec militarily and settling peacefully in Acadia. Although the English immediately agreed to restore Quebec to Louis XIII, they refused to leave Port-Royal, which the French had abandoned 15 years earlier. Faced with this situation, Cardinal Richelieu asked for an immediate return of Canada to France, even if it meant leaving the fate of Acadia in suspense. Richelieu’s demand fueled the factional struggles that then undermined the French and English courts.