Geoscience Canada

Vol. 50 No. 2 (2023)
Series

Heritage Stone 9. Tyndall Stone, Canada’s First Global Heritage Stone Resource: Geology, Paleontology, Ichnology and Architecture

PDF (English)
  • Brian R. Pratt,
  • Graham A. Young
Brian R. Pratt
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2
Graham A. Young
Manitoba Museum, 190 Rupert Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 0N2
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2023.50.196

Publié-e 2023-07-17

Mots-clés

  • Burrowing,
  • Dolomite,
  • Fossils,
  • Limestone,
  • Mottling,
  • Tyndall Stone
    • ...Plus
    Moins

Comment citer

Pratt, B. R., & Young, G. A. (2023). Heritage Stone 9. Tyndall Stone, Canada’s First Global Heritage Stone Resource: Geology, Paleontology, Ichnology and Architecture. Geoscience Canada, 50(2), 17–51. https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2023.50.196
Mention de droit d'auteur

Résumé

Tyndall Stone est un calcaire dolomitique distinctement marbré et remarquablement fossilifère qui a été largement utilisé pendant plus d'un siècle au Canada, en particulier dans les provinces des Prairies. Ce calcaire s'étend sur 6 à 8 m dans la partie inférieure du membre de Selkirk de la formation de Red River, d'une épaisseur de 43 m et d'âge Ordovicien supérieur (Katien). Il est exploité exclusivement à Garson (Manitoba), à 37 km au nord-est de Winnipeg, depuis environ 1895 et, depuis un demi-siècle, l'extraction est assurée exclusivement par Gillis Quarries Ltd. En raison de l'altération par les eaux souterraines, les couches supérieures ont tendance à être brun clair alors que les couches inférieures sont grises. Le calcaire Tyndall Stone, dont la finition est le plus souvent adoucie ou sciée, a été utilisé à des fins très diverses, notamment pour le revêtement extérieur et intérieur avec des pierres de taille à assises irrégulières, ainsi que pour les encadrements de fenêtres et les embrasures de portes. Le fini éclaté et la pierre de taille de dimension aléatoire utilisant des blocs polychromes fendus le long de stylolites sont devenus populaires pour les bâtiments commerciaux et résidentiels, respectivement. Tyndall Stone se prête également à la taille de colonnes et à la réalisation d’armoiries et de sculptures. De nombreux bâtiments importants ont été construits en Tyndall Stone, notamment les édifices législatifs provinciaux de la Saskatchewan et du Manitoba, l'intérieur de l'édifice du Centre de la Chambre des communes à Ottawa, des palais de justice, des bureaux de titres fonciers, des bureaux de poste et d'autres édifices publics, ainsi que des gares, des banques, des églises, des grands magasins, des musées, des immeubles de bureaux et des bâtiments universitaires. Ces bâtiments présentent une grande variété de styles architecturaux, des Beaux-Arts à l'Art déco, en passant par le style Château et le Brutalisme. Le Musée canadien de l'histoire et le Musée canadien pour les droits de la personne sont deux bâtiments expressionnistes remarquables.
   Le membre inférieur de Selkirk est massif et se compose de roche sédimentaire carbonatée wackestone à packstone bioturbée et bioclastique, riche en ossicules de crinoïdes. Il s'est déposé dans un environnement marin à faible énergie dans la zone photique, sur l'actuel versant oriental du bassin de Williston peu profond, qui faisait partie de la vaste mer épicontinentale équatoriale couvrant la majeure partie de la Laurentia à l'époque. De minces lentilles éparses de grès bioclastique témoignent d'événements épisodiques à haute énergie. Tyndall Stone est spectaculairement fossilifère et les dalles contenant des fossiles sont de plus en plus populaires. Les macrofossiles les plus courants sont les réceptaculitides, suivis des coraux, des éponges stromatoporoïdes, des céphalopodes nautiloïdes et des gastéropodes. L'abondance relative des macrofossiles varie en fonction de la stratigraphie, ce qui suggère que des changements environnementaux subtils ont eu lieu au fil du temps.
   Les marbrures distinctives – appelées "tapisserie" dans le commerce – ont été perçues comme des terriers dolomitisés attribués aux Thalassinoides et longtemps considérées comme des réseaux de galeries vraisemblablement creusés par des arthropodes. Dans le détail, cependant, le sédiment vaseux bioclastique a subi une longue histoire de bioturbation, et les grands terriers étaient principalement des éléments horizontaux remblayés qui n'étaient jamais vides. Ils peuvent être attribués à des Planolites. La matrice et les sédiments qui les remplissent sont surchargés par plusieurs générations de terriers tubulaires plus petits, principalement attribuables à des Palaeophycus en raison de leurs revêtements muraux stratifiés distinctifs. La dolomite a remplacé l'intérieur des plus grands terriers ainsi que des plus petits terriers et la matrice environnante pendant l'enfouissement, ce qui explique la forme variable de la marbrure.

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