Geoscience Canada

Vol. 49 No. 3-4 (2022)
GAC Medallist Series

Logan Medallist 7. Appinite Complexes, Granitoid Batholiths and Crustal Growth: A Conceptual Model

PDF
  • J. Brendan Murphy,
  • William J. Collins,
  • Donnelly B. Archibald
J. Brendan Murphy
Department of Earth Sciences, St. Francis Xavier University P.O. Box 5000, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada
William J. Collins
Earth Dynamics Research Group, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR), School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Donnelly B. Archibald
Department of Earth Sciences, St. Francis Xavier University P.O. Box 5000, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada
Geoscience Canada V.49N3-4 Front Cover
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2022.49.191

Published 2022-12-17

Keywords

  • appinite,
  • granite,
  • intrusion,
  • water

How to Cite

Murphy, J. B., Collins, W. J., & Archibald, D. B. (2022). Logan Medallist 7. Appinite Complexes, Granitoid Batholiths and Crustal Growth: A Conceptual Model. Geoscience Canada, 49(3-4), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2022.49.191
Copyright Notice

Funding data

Abstract

Appinite bodies are a suite of plutonic rocks, ranging from ultramafic to felsic in composition, that are characterized by idiomorphic hornblende as the dominant mafic mineral in all lithologies and by spectacularly diverse textures, including planar and linear magmatic fabrics, mafic pegmatites and widespread evidence of mingling between coeval mafic and felsic compositions. These features suggest crystallization from anomalously water-rich magma which, according to limited isotopic studies, has both mantle and meteoric components.
Appinite bodies typically occur as small (~2 km diameter) complexes emplaced along the periphery of granitoid plutons and commonly adjacent to major deep crustal faults, which they preferentially exploit during their ascent. Several studies emphasize the relationship between intrusion of appinite, granitoid plutonism and termination of subduction. However, recent geochronological data suggest a more long-lived genetic relationship between appinite and granitoid magma generation and subduction.
Appinite may represent aliquots of hydrous basaltic magma derived from variably fractionated mafic underplates that were originally emplaced during protracted subduction adjacent to the Moho, triggering generation of voluminous granitoid magma by partial melting in the overlying MASH zone. Hydrous mafic magma from this underplate may have ascended, accumulated, and differentiated at mid-to-upper crustal levels (ca. 3–6 kbar, 15 km depth) and crystallized under water-saturated conditions. The granitoid magma was emplaced in pulses when transient stresses activated favourably oriented structures which became conduits for magma transport. The ascent of late mafic magma, however, is impeded by the rheological barriers created by the structurally overlying granitoid magma bodies. Magma that forms appinite complexes evaded those rheological barriers because it preferentially exploited the deep crustal faults that bounded the plutonic system. In this scenario, appinite complexes may be a direct connection to the mafic underplate and so its most mafic components may provide insights into processes that generate granitoid batholiths and, more generally, into crustal growth in arc systems.

PDF

References

  1. Abad, I., Murphy, J.B., Nieto, F., Gutiérrez-Alonso, G., and Walsh, E., 2011, Distinction between deformation and contact metamorphism by very low-grade metamorphism indicators in the Georgeville Group (Nova Scotia, Canada), in Aerden, D.G.A.M., and Johnson, S.E., eds., The interrelationship between deformation and metamorphism: University of Granada, Granada, Spain, p. 38–39.
  2. Ague, J.J., 1997, Thermodynamic calculation of emplacement pressures for batholithic rocks, California: Implication for the aluminum-in-hornblende barometer: Geology, v. 25, p. 563–566, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025%3C0563:TCOEPF%3E2.3.CO;2.
  3. Annen, C., Blundy, J.D., and Sparks, R.S.J., 2006, The genesis of intermediate and silicic magmas in deep crustal hot zones: Journal of Petrology, v. 47, p. 505–539, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi084.
  4. Archibald, D.B., and Murphy, J.B., 2021, A slab failure origin for the Donegal composite batholith, Ireland as indicated by trace-element geochemistry, in Murphy, J.B., Strachan, R.A., and Quesada, C., eds., Pannotia to Pangaea: Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic Orogenic Cycles in the Circum-Atlantic Region: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 503, p. 347–370, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP503-2020-6.
  5. Archibald, D.B., Macquarrie, L.M.G., Murphy, J.B., Strachan, R.A., McFarlane, C.R.M., Button, M., Larson, K.P., and Dunlop, J., 2021, The construction of the Donegal composite batholith, Irish Caledonides: Temporal constraints from U–Pb dating of zircon and titanite: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 133, p. 2335–2354, https://doi.org/10.1130/B35856.1.
  6. Archibald, D.B., Murphy, J.B., Fowler, M.B., Strachan, R.A., and Hildebrand, R.S., 2022, Testing petrogenetic models for contemporaneous mafic and felsic to intermediate magmatism within the “Newer Granite” suite of the Scottish and Irish Caledonides, in Kuiper, Y.D., Murphy, J.B., Nance, R.D., Strachan, R.A., and Thompson, M.D., eds., New Developments in the Appalachian-Caledonian-Variscan Orogen: Geological Society of America Special Papers, v. 554, p. 375–400, https://doi.org/10.1130/2021.2554(15).
  7. Atherton, M.P., and Ghani, A.A., 2002, Slab breakoff: A model for Caledonian, late granite syn- collisional magmatism in the orthotectonic (metamorphic) zone of Scotland and Donegal, Ireland: Lithos, v. 62, p. 65–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00111-1.
  8. Bailey, E.B., and Maufe, H.B., 1916, The geology of Ben Nevis and Glen Coe and the surrounding country: Geological Society of Scotland Memoirs, v. 53, p. 1–247.
  9. Barbarin, B., and Didier, J., 1992, Genesis and evolution of mafic microgranular enclaves through various types of interaction between coexisting felsic and mafic magmas: Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, v. 83, p. 145–153, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300007835.
  10. Barnes, C.G., Ernst, W.G., Berry, R., and Tsujimori, T., 2016, Petrology and geochemistry of an upper crustal pluton: a view into crustal-scale magmatism during arc to retro-arc transition: Journal of Petrology, v. 57, p. 1361–1388, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egw043.
  11. Baxter, S., and Feely, M., 2002, Magma mixing and mingling textures in granitoids: examples from the Galway Granite, Connemara, Ireland: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 76, p. 63–74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007100200032.
  12. Bedrosian, P.A., Peacock, J.R., Bowles-Martinez, E., Schultz, A., and Hill, G.J., 2018, Crustal inheritance and a top-down control on arc magmatism at Mount St. Helens: Nature Geoscience, v. 11, p. 865–870, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0217-2.
  13. Bickerton, L., Kontak, D.J., Murphy, J.B., Kellett, D.A., Samson, I.M., Marsh, J.H., Dunning, G., and Stern, R., 2022, The age and origin of the South Mountain Batholith, (Nova Scotia, Canada) as constrained by zircon U–Pb geochronology, geochemistry, and O–Hf isotopes: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 59, p. 418–454, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2021-0097.
  14. Bindeman, I.N., Brooks, C.K., McBirney, A.R., and Taylor, H.P., 2008, The low-δ18O late-stage ferrodiorite magmas in the Skaergaard Intrusion: result of liquid immiscibility, thermal metamorphism, or meteoric water incorporation into magma?: Journal of Geology, v. 116, p. 571–586, https://doi.org/10.1086/591992.
  15. Blatter, D.L., Sisson, T.W., and Hankins, W.B., 2013, Crystallization of oxidized, moderately hydrous arc basalt at mid- to lower-crustal pressures: Implications for andesite genesis: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 166, p. 861–886, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0920-3.
  16. Bowes, D.R., and McArthur, A.C., 1976, Nature and genesis of the appinitic suite: Krystalinikum, v. 12, p. 31–46.
  17. Bowes, D.R., and Wright, A.E., 1967, The explosion breccia pipes near Kentallen, Scotland, and their geological setting: Earth and Environmental Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, v. 67, p. 109–143, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800023954.
  18. Brown, M., 2007, Crustal melting and melt extraction, ascent and emplacement in orogens: mechanisms and consequences: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 164, p. 709–730, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492006-171.
  19. Castro, A., 2020, The dual origin of I-type granites: the contribution from experiments, in Janoušek, V., Bonin, B., Collins, W.J., Farina, F., and Bowden. P., eds., Post-Archean Granitic Rocks: Petrogenetic Processes and Tectonic Environments: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 491, p. 101–145, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP491-2018-110.
  20. Cawood, I.P., Murphy, J.B., McCarthy, W.J., and Boyce, A.J, 2021, O and H isotopic evidence for a mantle source of water in appinite magma: An example from the late Neoproterozoic Greendale Complex, Nova Scotia: Lithos, v. 386–387, 105997, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.105997.
  21. Cawood, P.A., Hawkesworth, C.J., and Dhuime, B., 2013, The continental record and the generation of continental crust: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 125, p. 14–32, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30722.1.
  22. Chappell, B.W., 1996, Magma mixing and the production of compositional variation within granite suites: Evidence from the granites of southeastern Australia: Journal of Petrology, v. 37, p. 449–470, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/37.3.449.
  23. Chen, S., Fan, S., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, L., and Zhang, T., 2018, The characteristics, origin, and significance of mafic microgranular enclaves in the granitoids from the Bailingshan complex, Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Geological Journal, v. 53, p. 87–96, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3232.
  24. Clarke, D.B., MacDonald, M.A., and Tate, M.C., 1997, Late Devonian mafic-felsic magmatism in the Meguma Zone, Nova Scotia, in Sinha, A.K., Whalen, J.B., and Hogan, J.P., eds., The Nature of Magmatism in the Appalachian Orogen: Geological Society America Memoirs, v. 191, p. 107–127, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-1191-6.107.
  25. Clarke, D.B., Fallon, R., and Heaman, L.M., 2000, Interaction among upper crustal, lower crustal, and mantle materials in the Port Mouton pluton, Meguma Lithotectonic Zone, southwest Nova Scotia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 37, p. 579–600, https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-124.
  26. Clemens, J.D., 1998, Observations on the origins and ascent mechanisms of granitic magmas: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 155, p. 843–851, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.155.5.0843.
  27. Clemens, J.D., and Stevens, G., 2012, What controls chemical variation in granitic magmas?: Lithos, v. 134–135, p. 317–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.01.001.
  28. Clemens, J.D., Stevens, G., and Bryan, S.E., 2020, Conditions during the formation of granitic magmas by crustal melting – Hot or cold; drenched, damp or dry?: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 200, 102982, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102982.
  29. Codillo, E.A., Le Roux, V., and Marschall, H.R., 2018, Arc-like magmas generated by mélange-peridotite interaction in the mantle wedge: Nature Communications, v. 9, 2864, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05313-2.
  30. Collins, W.J., Richards, S.W., Healy, B.E., and Ellison, P.I., 2000, Origin of heterogeneous mafic enclaves by two-stage hybridisation in magma conduits (dykes) below and in granitic magma chambers: Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, v. 91, p. 27–45, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300007276.
  31. Collins, W.J., Murphy, J.B., Johnson, T.E., and Huang H.-Q., 2020, Critical role of water in the formation of continental crust: Nature Geoscience, v. 13, p. 331–338, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0573-6.
  32. Collins, W.J., Murphy, J.B., Blereau, E., and Huang, H.-Q., 2021, Water availability controls crustal melting temperatures: Lithos, v. 402–403, 106351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106351.
  33. Cruden, A.R., 1998, On the emplacement of tabular granites: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 155, p. 853–862, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.155.5.0853.
  34. Currie, C.A., Wang, K., Hyndman, R.D., and He, J., 2004, The thermal effects of steady-state slab-driven mantle flow above a subducting plate: The Cascadia subduction zone and backarc: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 223, p. 35–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.020.
  35. Daczko, N.R., Clarke, G.L., and Klepeis, K.A., 2002, Kyanite-paragonite-bearing assemblages, northern Fiordland, New Zealand: rapid cooling at the lower crustal root to a Cretaceous magmatic arc: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 20, p. 887–902, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00421.x.
  36. Diamond, L.W., Wanner, C., and Waber, H.N., 2018, Penetration depth of meteoric water in orogenic geothermal systems: Geology, v. 46, p. 1063–1066, https://doi.org/10.1130/G45394.1.
  37. Ducea, M., 2001, The California arc: thick granitic batholiths, eclogitic residues, lithospheric-scale thrusting, and magmatic flare-ups: GSA Today, v. 11, p. 4–10, https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2001)011%3C0004:TCATGB%3E2.0.CO;2.
  38. Fowler, M.B., 1988, Ach'uaine hybrid appinite pipes: Evidence for mantle-derived shoshonitic parent magmas in Caledonian granite genesis: Geology, v. 16, p. 1026–1030, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016%3C1026:AUHAPE%3E2.3.CO;2.
  39. Fowler, M.B., and Henney, P.J., 1996, Mixed Caledonian appinite magmas: implications for lamprophyre fractionation and high Ba-Sr granite genesis: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 126, p. 199–215, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050244.
  40. Fowler, M.B., Henney, P.J., Darbyshire, D.P.F., and Greenwood, P.B., 2001, Petrogenesis of high Ba–Sr granites: the Rogart pluton, Sutherland: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 158, p. 521–534, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.158.3.521.
  41. Fowler, M.B., Kocks, H., Darbyshire, D.P.F., and Greenwood, P.B., 2008, Petrogenesis of high Ba–Sr plutons from the Northern Highlands Terrane of the British Caledonian Province: Lithos, v. 105, p. 129–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2008.03.003.
  42. Francis, D., and Ludden, J., 1990, The mantle source for olivine nephelinite, basanite, and alkaline olivine basalt at Fort Selkirk, Yukon, Canada: Journal of Petrology, v. 31, p. 371–400, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/31.2.371.
  43. Gavrilenko, M., Krawczynski, M., Ruprecht, P., Li, W., and Catalano, J.G., 2019, The quench control of water estimates in convergent margin magmas: American Mineralogist, v. 104, p. 936–948, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6735.
  44. Ghent, E.D., Edwards, B.R., and Russell, J.K., 2019, Pargasite-bearing vein in spinel lherzolite from the mantle lithosphere of the North America Cordillera: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 56, p. 870–885, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0239.
  45. Glazner, A.F., Bartley, J.M., Coleman, D.S., Gray, W., and Taylor, R.Z., 2004, Are plutons assembled over millions of years by amalgamation from small magma chambers?: GSA Today, v. 14, p. 4–11, https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014%3C0004:APAOMO%3E2.0.CO;2.
  46. Goltz, A.E., Krawczynski, M.J., Gavrilenko, M., Gorbach, N.V., and Ruprecht, P., 2020, Evidence for superhydrous primitive arc magmas from mafic enclaves at Shiveluch volcano, Kamchatka: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 175, 115, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-020-01746-5.
  47. Granja Dorilêo Leite, A.F., Fuck, R.A., Dantas, E.L., and Ruiz, A.S., 2021, Appinitic and high Ba-Sr magmatism in central Brazil: Insights into the late accretion stage of West Gondwana: Lithos, v. 398–399, 106333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106333.
  48. Grove, T.L., Elkins-Tanton, L.T., Parman, S.W., Chatterjee, N., Müntener, O., and Gaetani, G.A., 2003, Fractional crystallization and mantle-melting controls on calc-alkaline differentiation trends: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 145, p. 515–533, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-003-0448-z.
  49. Grove, T.L., Till, C.B., and Krawczynski, M.J., 2012, The role of H2O in subduction zone magmatism: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 40, p. 413–439, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105310.
  50. Harrison, A., and White, R.S., 2006, Lithospheric structure of an active backarc basin: the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Geophysical Journal International, v. 167, p. 968–990, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03166.x.
  51. Hawkesworth, C., Cawood, P., and Dhuime, B., 2013, Continental growth and the crustal record: Tectonophysics, v. 609, p. 651–660, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.08.013.
  52. Hildebrand, R.S., and Whalen, J.B., 2017, The tectonic setting and origin of Cretaceous batholiths within the North American Cordillera: The case for slab failure magmatism and its significance for crustal growth: Geological Society of America Special Papers, v. 532, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/2017.2532.
  53. Hildebrand, R.S., Whalen, J.B., and Bowring, S.A., 2018, Resolving the crustal composition paradox by 3.8 billion years of slab failure magmatism and collisional recycling of continental crust: Tectonophysics, v. 734–735, p. 69–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.04.001.
  54. Hildreth, W., and Moorbath, S., 1988, Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of Central Chile: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 98, p. 455–489, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372365.
  55. Hutton, D.H.W., 1988, Igneous emplacement in a shear-zone termination: The biotite granite at Strontian, Scotland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1392–1399, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100%3C1392:IEIASZ%3E2.3.CO;2.
  56. Hyndman, R.D., 2015, Tectonic consequences of a uniformly hot backarc and why is the Cordilleran mountain belt high?: Geoscience Canada, v. 42, p. 383–402, https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2015.42.078.
  57. Hyndman, R.D., Currie, C.A., and Mazzotti, S.P., 2005, Subduction zone backarcs, mobile belts, and orogenic heat: GSA Today, v. 15, p. 4–10, https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2005)15%3C4:SZBMBA%3E2.0.CO;2.
  58. Hynes, A., and Snyder, D.B., 1995, Deep-crustal mineral assemblages and potential for crustal rocks below the Moho in the Scottish Caledonides: Geophysical Journal International, v. 123, p. 323–339, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06857.x.
  59. Jackson, M.D., Blundy, J., and Sparks, R.S.J., 2018, Chemical differentiation, cold storage and remobilization of magma in the Earth’s crust: Nature, v. 564, p. 405–409, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0746-2.
  60. Jagoutz, O., and Klein, B., 2018, On the importance of crystallization-differentiation for the generation of SiO2-rich melts and the compositional build-up of arc (and continental) crust: American Journal of Science, v. 318, p. 29–63, https://doi.org/10.2475/01.2018.03.
  61. Karlstrom, L., Dufek, J., and Manga, M., 2010, Magma chamber stability in arc and continental crust: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 190, p. 249–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.003.
  62. Keppie, J.D., Dallmeyer, R.D., and Murphy, J.B., 1990, Tectonic implications of 40Ar/39Ar hornblende ages from late Proterozoic–Cambrian plutons in the Avalon Composite Terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, p. 516–528, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102%3C0516:TIOAAH%3E2.3.CO;2.
  63. Krawczynski, M.J., Grove, T.L., and Behrens, H., 2012, Amphibole stability in primitive arc magmas: effects of temperature, H2O content, and oxygen fugacity: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 164, p. 317–339, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-012-0740-x.
  64. Laumonier, M., Gaillard, F., Muir, D., Blundy, J., and Unsworth, M., 2017, Giant magmatic water reservoirs at mid-crustal depth inferred from electrical conductivity and the growth of the continental crust: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 457, p. 173–180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.023.
  65. Lee, C.-T.A., and Bachmann, O., 2014, How important is the role of crystal fractionation in making intermediate magmas? Insights from Zr and P systematics: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 393, p. 266–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.02.044.
  66. Li, R., Collins, W.J., Yang, J.H., Blereau, E., and Wang, H., 2021, Two-stage hybrid origin of Lachlan S-type magmas: A re-appraisal using isotopic microanalysis of lithic inclusion minerals: Lithos, v. 402–403, 106378, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106378.
  67. Loucks, R.R., 2014, Distinctive composition of copper-ore-forming arc magmas: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 61, p. 5–16, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2013.865676.
  68. Mallik, A., Nelson, J., and Dasgupta, R., 2015, Partial melting of fertile peridotite fluxed by hydrous rhyolitic melt at 2–3 GPa: implications for mantle wedge hybridization by sediment melt and generation of ultrapotassic magmas in convergent margins: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 169, 48, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1139-2.
  69. Mallik, A., Dasgupta, R., Tsuno, K., and Nelson, J., 2016, Effects of water, depth and temperature on partial melting of mantle-wedge fluxed by hydrous sediment-melt in subduction zones: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 195, p. 226–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.08.018.
  70. McCarthy, A., and Müntener, O., 2016, Comb layering monitors decompressing and fractionating hydrous mafic magmas in subvolcanic plumbing systems (Fisher Lake, Sierra Nevada, USA): Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 121, p. 8595–8621, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013489.
  71. Memeti, V., Paterson, S., Matzel, J., Mundil, R., and Okaya, D., 2010, Magmatic lobes as “snapshots” of magma chamber growth and evolution in large, composite batholiths: an example from the Tuolumne intrusion, Sierra Nevada, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1912–1931, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30004.1.
  72. Miles, A.J., and Woodcock, N.H., 2018, A combined geochro¬nological approach to investigating long lived granite magmatism, the Shap granite, UK: Lithos, v. 304–307, p. 245–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.02.012.
  73. Miles, A.J., Woodcock, N.H., and Hawkesworth, C.J., 2016, Tec¬tonic controls on post-subduction granite genesis and emplacement: The late Caledonian suite of Britain and Ireland: Gondwana Research, v. 39, p. 250–260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.02.006.
  74. Miller, J.S., Matzel, J.E.P., Miller, C.F., Burgess, S.D., and Miller, R.B., 2007, Zircon growth and recycling during the assembly of large, composite arc plutons: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 167, p. 282–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.04.019.
  75. Miller, R.B., Paterson, S.R., and Matzel, J.P., 2009, Plutonism at different crustal levels: Insights from the ~5–40 km (paleodepth) North Cascades crustal section, Washington, in Miller, R.B., and Snoke, A.W., eds., Crustal Cross Sections from the Western North American Cordillera and Elsewhere: Implications for Tectonic and Petrologic Processes: Geological Society of America Special Papers, v. 456, p. 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2456(05).
  76. Moore, G., and Carmichael, I.S.E., 1998, The hydrous phase equilibria (to 3 kbar) of an andesite and basaltic andesite from western Mexico: Constraints on water content and conditions of phenocryst growth: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 130, p. 304–319, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050367.
  77. Muir, D.D., Blundy, J.D., Rust, A.C., and Hickey, J., 2014, Experimental constraints on dacite pre-eruptive magma storage conditions beneath Uturuncu Volcano: Journal of Petrology, v. 55, p. 749–767, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egu005.
  78. Müller, D., and Groves, D.I., 2019, Potassic igneous rocks and associated gold-copper mineralization (5th edition): Mineral Resource Reviews, Springer Cham, 398 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92979-8.
  79. Müntener, O., and Ulmer, P., 2006, Experimentally derived high-pressure cumulates from hydrous arc magmas and consequences for the seismic velocity structure of lower arc crust: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, L21308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027629.
  80. Müntener, O., Ulmer, P., and Blundy, J.D., 2021, Superhydrous arc magmas in the Alpine context: Elements, v. 17, p. 35–40, https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.17.1.35.
  81. Murphy, J.B., 2013, Appinite suites: A record of the role of water in the genesis, transport, emplacement and crystallization of magma: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 119, p. 35–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.02.002.
  82. Murphy, J.B., 2020, Appinite suites and their genetic relationship with coeval voluminous granitoid batholiths: International Geology Review, v. 62, p. 683–713, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2019.1630859.
  83. Murphy, J.B., and Hynes, A.J., 1990, Tectonic control on the origin and orientation of igneous layering: an example from the Greendale Complex, Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada: Geology, v. 18, p. 403–406, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)0182.3.CO;2.
  84. Murphy, J.B., Hynes, A.J., and Cousens, B.L., 1997a, Tectonic influence on late Proterozoic Avalonian magmatism: An example from the Greendale Complex, Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada, in Sinha, A.K., Whalen, J.B., and Hogan, J.P., eds., The Nature of Magmatism in the Appalachian Orogen: Geological Society of America Memoirs, v. 191, p. 255–274, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-1191-6.255.
  85. Murphy, J.B., Keppie, J.D., Davis, D., and Krogh, T.E., 1997b, Regional significance of new U–Pb age data for Neoproterozoic igneous units in Avalonian rocks of northern mainland Nova Scotia, Canada: Geological Magazine, v. 134, p. 113–120, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756897006596.
  86. Murphy, J.B., Blais, S.A., Tubrett, M., McNeil, D., and Middleton, M., 2012, Microchemistry of amphiboles near the roof of a mafic magma chamber: Insights into high level melt evolution: Lithos, v. 148, p. 162–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.06.012.
  87. Murphy, J.B, Nance, R.D., Gabler, L.B., Martell, A., and Archibald, D.A., 2019, Age, geochemistry and origin of the Ardara appinite plutons, Northwest Donegal, Ireland: Geoscience Canada, v. 46, p. 31–48, https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2019.46.144.
  88. Nandedkar, R.H., Ulmer, P., and Müntener, O., 2014, Fractional crystallization of primitive, hydrous arc magmas: An experimental study at 0.7 GPa: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 167, 1015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-014-1015-5.
  89. Neilson, J.C., Kokelaar, B.P., and Crowley, Q.G., 2009, Timing, relations and cause of plutonic and volcanic activity of the Siluro–Devonian post-collision magmatic episode in the Grampian Terrane, Scotland: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 166, p. 545–561, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-069.
  90. Paterson, S.R., and Vernon, R.H., 1995, Bursting the bubble of ballooning plutons: A return to nested diapirs emplaced by multiple processes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, p. 1356–1380, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107%3C1356:BTBOBP%3E2.3.CO;2.
  91. Pe-Piper, G., and Piper, D.J.W., 2018, The Jeffers Brook diorite–granodiorite pluton: Style of emplacement and role of volatiles at various crustal levels in Avalonian appinites, Canadian Appalachians: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 107, p. 863–883, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-017-1536-z.
  92. Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W., and Koukouvelas, I., 1996, Precambrian plutons of the Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada, in Nance, R.D., and Thompson, M.D., eds., Avalonian and Related Peri-Gondwana Terranes of the Circum-North Atlantic: Geological Society of America Special Papers, v. 304, p. 121–132, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2304-3.121.
  93. Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W., and Tsikouras, B., 2010, The late Neoproterozoic Frog Lake hornblende gabbro pluton, Avalon Terrane of Nova Scotia: evidence for the origins of appinites: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 103–120, https://doi.org/10.1139/E09-077.
  94. Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., and Tindle, A.G., 1984, Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks: Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 956–983, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.4.956.
  95. Peate, D.W., Pearce, J.A., Hawkesworth, C.J., Colley, H., Edwards, C.M.H., and Hirose, K., 1997, Geochemical variations in Vanuatu arc lavas: The role of subducted material and a variable mantle wedge composition: Journal of Petrology, v. 38, p. 1331–1358, https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/38.10.1331.
  96. Petford, N., Kerr, R.C., and Lister, J.R., 1993, Dike transport of granitoid magmas: Geology, v. 21, p. 845–848, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021%3C0845:DTOGM%3E2.3.CO;2.
  97. Petford, N., Cruden, A.R., McCaffrey, K.J.W., and Vigneresse, J.-L., 2000, Granite magma formation, transport and emplacement in the Earth’s crust: Nature, v. 408, p. 669–673, https://doi.org/10.1038/35047000.
  98. Pitcher, W.S., 1997, The Nature and Origin of Granite, (2nd edition): Springer Dordrecht, 395 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5832-9.
  99. Pitcher, W.S., and Berger, A.R., 1972, The appinite suite: Basic rocks genetically associated with granite, in Pitcher, W.S., and Berger, A.R., The Geology of Donegal, A Study of Granite Emplacement and Unroofing: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, Sussex, p. 143–168.
  100. Pitcher, W.S., and Hutton, D.H.W., 2003, A Master Class Guide to the Granites of Donegal: Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, 97 p.
  101. Ratcliffe, N.M., Armstrong, R.L., Mose, D.G., Seneschal, R., Williams, N., and Baiamonte, M.J., 1982, Emplacement history and tectonic significance of the Cortlandt complex, related plutons, and dike swarms in the Taconide Zone of southeastern New York based on K–Ar and Rb–Sr investigations: American Journal of Science, v. 282, p. 358–390, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.282.3.358.
  102. Richards, S.W., and Collins, W.J., 2004, Growth of wedge-shaped plutons at the base of active half grabens: Royal Society of Edinburgh Transactions, Earth Sciences, v. 95, p. 309–317, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593304000252.
  103. Ringwood, M.F., Schwartz, J.J., Turnbull, R.E., and Tulloch, A.J., 2021, Phanerozoic record of mantle-dominated arc magmatic surges in the Zealandia Cordillera: Geology, v. 49, p. 1230–1234, https://doi.org/10.1130/G48916.1.
  104. Rogers, G., and Dunning, G.R., 1991, Geochronology of appinitic and related granitic magmatism in the W Highlands of Scotland: Constraints on the timing of transcurrent fault movement: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 148, p. 17–27, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.148.1.0017.
  105. Saleeby, J., Ducea, M., and Clemens-Knott, D., 2003, Production and loss of high-density batholithic root, southern Sierra Nevada, California: Tectonics, v. 22, 1064, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002TC001374.
  106. Scarrow, J.H., Bea, F., Montero, P., and Molina, J.F., 2008, Shoshonites, vaugnerites and potassic lamprophyres: Similarities and differences between ‘ultra’-high-K rocks: Earth and Environmental Sciences Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, v. 99, p. 159–175, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691009008032.
  107. Schaltegger, U., Nowak, A., Ulianov, A., Fisher, C.M., Gerdes, A., Spikings, R., Whitehouse, M.J., Bindeman, I., Hanchar, J.M., Duff, J., Vervoort, J.D., Sheldrake, T., Caricchi, L., Brack, P., and Müntener, O., 2019, Zircon petrochronology and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of the Adamello Intrusive Suite, N. Italy: Monitoring the growth and decay of an incrementally assembled magmatic system: Journal of Petrology, v. 60, p. 701–722, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egz010.
  108. Schoene, B., Schaltegger, U., Brack, P., Latkoczy, C., Stracke, A., and Günther, D., 2012, Rates of magma differentiation and emplacement in a ballooning pluton recorded by U–Pb TIMS-TEA, Adamello batholith, Italy: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 355–356, p. 162–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.019.
  109. Smith, W.D., Darling, J.R., Bullen, D.S., Lasalle, S., Pereira, I., Moreira, H., Allen, C.J., and Tapster, S., 2019, Zircon perspectives on the age and origin of evolved S-type granites from the Cornubian Batholith, southwest England: Lithos, v. 336–337, p. 14–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.03.025.
  110. Spandler, C., and Pirard, C., 2013, Element recycling from subducting slabs to arc crust: a review: Lithos, v. 170–171, p. 208–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.02.016.
  111. Tate, M.C., Clarke, D.B., and Heaman, L.M., 1997, Progressive hybridisation between Late Devonian mafic-intermediate and felsic magmas in the Meguma Zone of Nova Scotia, Canada: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 126, p. 401–415, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050259.
  112. Thompson, A.B., 1982, Dehydration melting of pelitic rocks and the generation of H2O-undersaturated granitic liquids: American Journal of Science, v. 282, p. 1567–1595, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.282.10.1567.
  113. Ulmer, P., Kaegi, R., and Müntener, O., 2018, Experimentally derived intermediate to silica-rich arc magmas by fractional and equilibrium crystallization at 1·0 GPa: an evaluation of phase relationships, compositions, liquid lines of descent and oxygen fugacity: Journal of Petrology, v. 59, p. 11–58, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy017.
  114. Vernon, R.H., 1984, Microgranitoid enclaves in granites—globules of hybrid magma quenched in a plutonic environment: Nature, v. 309, p. 438–439, https://doi.org/10.1038/309438a0.
  115. Vigneresse, J.L., 1995, Control of granite emplacement by regional deformation: Tectonophysics, v. 249, p. 173–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00004-7.
  116. Vigneresse, J.L., Barbey, P., and Cuney, M., 1996, Rheological transitions during partial melting and crystallization with application to felsic magma segregation and transfer: Journal of Petrology, v. 37, p. 1579–1600, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/37.6.1579.
  117. Walker Jr., B.A., Bergantz, G.W., Otamendi, J.E., Ducea, M.N., and Cristofolini, E.A., 2015, A MASH zone revealed: The mafic complex of the Sierra Valle Fértil: Journal of Petrology, v. 56, p. 1863–1896, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egv057.
  118. Wang, C., Liu, L., Xiao, P.-X., Cao, Y.-T., Yu, H.-Y., Meert, J.G., and Liang, W.-T., 2014, Geochemical and geochronologic constraints for Paleozoic magmatism related to the orogenic collapse in the Qimantagh–South Altyn region, northwestern China: Lithos, v. 202–203, p. 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.05.016.
  119. Weaver, S.L., Wallace, P.J., and Johnston, A.D., 2011, A comparative study of continental vs. intraoceanic arc mantle melting: Experimentally determined phase relations of hydrous primitive melts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 308, p. 97–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.040.
  120. White, C.E., Barr, S.M., Hamilton, M.A., and Murphy, J.B., 2021, Age and tectonic setting of Neoproterozoic granitoid rocks, Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada: Implications for Avalonia in the northern Appalachian orogen: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 58, p. 396–412, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0110.
  121. White, C.E., Barr, S.M., Crowley, J.L., van Rooyen, D., and MacHattie, T.G., 2022, U–Pb zircon ages and Sm–Nd isotopic data from the Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada: New contributions to understanding the Neoproterozoic geologic history of Avalonia, in Kuiper, Y.D., Murphy, J.B., Nance, R.D., Strachan, R.A., and Thompson, M.D., eds., New Developments in the Appalachian-Caledonian-Variscan Orogen: Geological Society of America Special Papers, v. 554, p. 135–172, https://doi.org/10.1130/2021.2554(07).
  122. Whitney, J.A., 1988, The origin of granite: The role and source of water in the evolution of granitic magmas: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1886–1897, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100%3C1886:TOOGTR%3E2.3.CO;2.
  123. Yanagida, Y., Nakamura, M., Yasuda, A., Kuritani, T., Nakagawa, M., and Yoshida, T., 2018, Differentiation of a hydrous arc magma recorded in melt inclusions in deep crustal cumulate xenoliths from Ichinomegata Maar, NE Japan: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 19, p. 838–864, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GC007301.
  124. Ye, H.-M., Li, X.-H., Li, Z.-X., and Zhang, C.-L., 2008, Age and origin of high Ba–Sr appinite–granites at the northwestern margin of the Tibet Plateau: Implications for early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Western Kunlun orogenic belt: Gondwana Research, v. 13, p. 126–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2007.08.005.
  125. Yuan, L., Zhang, X., and Yang, Z., 2022, The timeline of prolonged accretionary processes in eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Insights from episodic Paleozoic intrusions in central Inner Mongolia, North China: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 134, p. 629–657, https://doi.org/10.1130/B35907.1.
  126. Zhu, Z., Ding, Y., Li, Z., Dong, Y., Wang, H., Liu, J., Zhu, J., Li, X., Chu, F., and Jin, X., 2021, Hafnium isotopic constraints on crustal assimilation in response to the tectono–magmatic evolution of the Okinawa Trough: Lithos, v. 398–399, 106352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106352.