Visualizing Crisis Management: Crisis Experience, Concern, and Training in China

Authors

  • John A. Parnell University of North Alabama,
  • William “Rick” Crandall University of North Carolina at Pembroke
  • Long Zhang China University of Geosciences
  • Yuanyuan Lin University of South Alabama

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55482/jcim.2023.33534

Keywords:

Crisis management, crisis training, China, SOE, behavioral economics

Abstract

China’s increasing international prominence has prompted additional research on how Chinese firms manage organizational crises. The purpose of this paper is to identify patterns of concerns and experiences with crises in China. We report on a survey of 105 managers and non-managers in China about their experience and concern with crises in their firms. Our analysis underscores three key findings. First, one's concern about a crisis is strongly associated with one's experience involving that crisis. Second, views about crisis experience and concern differ between employees in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and non-SOEs. Finally, despite these differences, perspectives on crisis training among SOE and non-SOE firms are similar. This paper augments the literature by identifying relationships among crisis experience, crisis concern, and training in Chinese organizations.

Author Biographies

John A. Parnell, University of North Alabama,

John A. Parnell is a Professor of Management and Alumni Eminent Scholar of Business at the University of North Alabama. He has authored over 250 articles in strategic management and two current textbooks, Strategic Management: Theory and Practice, and Crisis Management: Leading in the New Strategy Landscape. Dr. Parnell earned undergraduate and graduate degrees from East Carolina University, the Ed.D. degree from Campbell University, and the Ph.D. degree from The University of Memphis. He has lectured in China, Mexico, Peru, and Egypt. His current research focuses on issues related to competitive business strategies, nonmarket strategy, crisis management and ethics.

William “Rick” Crandall, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

William “Rick” Crandall, PhD., University of Memphis, is professor of management in the Thomas School of Business at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke.  Dr. Crandall’s primary research area is in the field of organizational crisis management.  His articles on crisis management have appeared in SAM Advanced Management Journal, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Internal Auditing, Business Horizons, International Journal of Sustainable Strategic Management, Security Management, and the International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management.  Dr. Crandall has addressed various audiences on crisis management in the United States, Austria, China, Germany, Poland, and the United Kingdom.

Long Zhang, China University of Geosciences

Long Zhang is a professor in the School of Humanities and Economic Management at China University of Geosciences-Beijing. He earned the Ph.D. in the field of Resource and Environmental Management from China University of Geosciences-Beijing. Dr. Zhang has authored over 50 articles in crisis management, resource and environmental management, and strategic management. His primary research domain includes resource and environmental management, crisis management, and general business management.

Yuanyuan Lin, University of South Alabama

Yuanyuan Lin is a Ph.D. student at the University of South Alabama. Her research focuses are strategic management, crisis management, and entrepreneurship. Before pursuing her doctoral studies, she earned a BA in Psychology and an MBA from the University of North Carolina at Pembroke (UNCP) and completed an internship at the Small Business Technology Development Center (SBTDC). Yuanyuan also has extensive teaching experience as an adjunct instructor at UNCP.

References

Alas, R., Gao, J., & Vanhala, S. (2010). “The crisis management in Chinese and Estonian organizations”, Chinese Management Studies, 4(1), 18-36.

Ali, A. J., & Al-Aali, A. (2016). “Human capital and crisis management”, Journal of Transnational Management, 21(4), 200-216.

Ang, S. H. (2001). “Crisis marketing: a comparison across economic scenarios”, International Business Review, 10, 263-284.

Ariely, D. (2009). The curious paradox of ‘“optimism bias”. Business Week. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2009-08-13/the-curious-paradox-of-optimism-bias.

Atherton, A., & Smallbone, D. (2013). “Promoting private sector development in China: The challenge of building institutional capacity at the local level”, Environment and Planning Government and Policy, 31, 5-23.

Bai, X. W., & Jia, X. H. (2019). “The function and predicament of NGO in flood secure in our country- taking the Flood in Shouguang of Shandong for example”, Water Resources Development and Management, 9, 66-69.

Balogun, J., & Johnson, G. (2004). “Organizational restructuring and middle manager sensemaking”, Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), 523-549.

Bhaduri, R. M. (2019). “Leveraging culture and leadership in crisis management”, European Journal of Training & Development, 43(5), 554-569.

Bilgin, M. H., Gozgor, G., Lau, C. K., & Marco. (2017). “Institutions and gravity model: the role of political economy and corporate governance”, Eurasian Business Review, 7(3), 421-436.

Blackmore, K., & Nesbitt, K. (2013). “Verifying the Miles and Snow strategy types in Australian small- and medium-size enterprises”, Australian Journal of Management, 38(1), 171-190.

Bonardi, J.-P., Holburn, G. L. F., & Vanden Bergh, R. G. (2006). “Nonmarket strategy performance: Evidence from U.S. electric utilities”, Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), 1209-1228.

Bowers, M. R., Hall, J. R., & Srinivasan, M. M. (2017). “Organizational culture and leadership style: The missing combination for selecting the right leader for effective crisis management”, Business Horizons, 60(4), 551-563.

Bruce, M. D., & Nowlin, W. A. (2011). “Workplace violence: Awareness, prevention, and response”, Public Personnel Management, 40(4), 293-308.

Bundy, J., Pfarrer, M. D., Short, C. E., & Coombs, W. T. (2017). “Crises and crisis management: Integration, interpretation, and research development”, Journal of Management, 43(6), 1661-1692.

Caiazza, R. (2018). “Internationalisation strategies of emerging markets firms”, International Journal of Comparative Management, 1(1), 19-25.

Caponecchia, C. (2010). “It won’t happen to me: An investigation of optimism bias in occupational safety and health”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(3), 601-617.

Chan, Z. (2011). Crisis Management in Chinese Contexts. Nova Science Publishers.

Chang, S.-j., Van Witteloostuijn, A., & Eden, L. (2010). “From the editors: Common method variance in international business research”, Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2), 178-184.

Chen, H., Duh, R.-R., Chan, H. C., & Xiao, J. Z. (2011). “Determinants and performance effects of management consultancy adoption in listed Chinese companies”, Asian Business & Management, 10(2), 259-286.

Chen, J. (2006). “Development of Chinese small and medium -sized enterprises”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(2), 140-147.

Chen, Y. (2007). “The strategic management of government affairs in China: How multinational corporations in China interact with the Chinese government”, Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(3), 283-306.

Cheng, Y. (2016). “Social media keep buzzing! A test of contingency theory in China’s Red Cross credibility crisis”, International Journal of Communication, 10, 3241-3260.

Chew, D., Yan, S., & Cheah, C. (2008). “Core capabilities and competitive strategy for construction SMEs in China”, China Management Studies, 2(3), 203-214.

Cirka, C. C., & Corrigall, E. A. (2010). “Expanding possibilities through metaphor: Breaking biases to improve crisis management”, Journal of Management Education, 34, 303-323.

Clifford, L., & Wahba, P. (2020). A running list of companies that have filed for bankruptcy during the coronavirus pandemic. Fortune. Retrieved February 3, 2021, from https://fortune.com/2020/08/04/companies-filing-bankruptcy-2020-due-to-covid-list-filed-chapter-11-coronavirus-pandemic/

Congleton, R. D. (2018). “Intellectual foundations of public choice, the forest from the trees”, Public Choice, 175(3/4), 229-244.

Coombs, W. T. (2007). Ongoing Crisis Communication: Planning, Managing, and Responding (2, Ed.). Sage.

Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2006). “Unpacking the halo effect: Reputation and crisis management”, Journal of Communication Management, 10(2), 123-137.

Coombs, W. T., & Laufer, D. (2018). “Global crisis management – current research and future directions”, Journal of International Management, 24(3), 199-203.

Crandall, W. R., Parnell, J. A., & Spillan, J. E. (2020). Crisis Management: Leading in the New Strategy Landscape (3 ed.). Management Solutions Press.

de Waard, E. J., Volberda, H. W., & Soeters, J. (2012). “How to support sensing capabilities in highly volatile situations”, Journal of Management & Organization, 18, 774-794.

De Waele, A., Claeys, A.-S., & Opgenhaffen, M. (2020). “Preparing to face the media in times of crisis: Training spokespersons' verbal and nonverbal cues”, Public Relations Review, 46(2), N.PAG-N.PAG.

Deng, X., Tian, Z., & Abrar, M. (2010). “The corporate political strategy and its integration with market strategy in transitional China”, Journal of Public Affairs, 10(4), 372-382.

Doern, R. (2016). “Entrepreneurship and crisis management: The experiences of small businesses during the London 2011 riots”, International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 34(3), 276-302.

Eaton, S., & Kostka, G. (2017). “Central protectionism in China: The “Central SOE Problem” in environmental governance”, China Quarterly, 231, 685-704.

Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). “Dynamic capabilities: What are they?”, Strategic Management Journal, 21, 1105-1121.

Elsubbaugh, S., Fildes, R., & Rose, M. B. (2004). “Preparation for Crisis Management: A Proposed Model and Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 12(3), 112-127.

Fan, D. (2008). “Sanlu case: It is too late to employ public relations when crisis breaks out”, Market Observer, 10, 145.

Fasth, J., Elliot, V., & Styhre, A. (2021). “Crisis management as practice in small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises during the first period of COVID‐19”, Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 30(2), 161-170.

Fuchs, C. (2017). Social Media: A Critical Introduction. Sage.

Gallagher, T. (2017). “How to find change and crisis management leaders”, Industrial Management, 59(3), 28-30.

Gao, Y. (2021). “Construction path of information coordination mechanism of public emergency press release”, Media Observer, 1, 69-73.

Gilli, M., Li, Y., & Qian, J. (2018). “Logrolling under fragmented authoritarianism: theory and evidence from China”, Public Choice, 175(1/2), 197-214.

Glynn, M. A. (2021). “'15 Days to Slow the Spread': Covid‐19 and Collective Resilience”, Journal of Management Studies (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), 58(1), 263-267.

Goodall, K., & Warner, M. (1997). “Human resources in Sino-foreign joint venture: Selected case studies in Shanghai, compared with Beijing”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8, 569-594.

Gu, H., & Chen, Z. (2007). “Review of brand crises in 2007”, China Top Brands, 12(11-25).

Hassan, B., & Mohamed, B. (2015). “Role of SMEs in the economics and social development: Case of terroir products in Souss Massa Draa region (Morocco)”, Advances in Economics and Business, 3(8), 340-347.

Hassard, J., Morris, J., Sheehan, J., & Xiao, Y. (2010). “China's state-owned enterprises: economic reform and organizational restructuring”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 23(5), 500-516.

Herbane, B. (2013). “Exploring crisis management in UK small- and medium-sized enterprises”, Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 21(2), 82-95.

Hillmann, J., & Guenther, E. (2021). “Organizational resilience: A valuable construct for management research?”, International Journal of Management Reviews, 23, 7-44.

Hofstede, G. (2003). Culture′s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations (2 ed.). Sage.

Hofstede, G. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (3 ed.). McGraw Hill.

Hu, Y., & Pang, A. (2016). “Public relations practitioners’ perceptions of the use of crisis response strategies in China”, Public Relations Review, 42, 333-335.

Huang, K. K. (1987). “Face and favor: The Chinese power game”, American Journal of Society, 92(4), 944-974.

Hunter, M. L., Van Wassenhove, L. N., & Besiou, M. (2016). “The new rules for crisis management”, MIT Sloan Management Review, 57(4), 71-78.

Institute for Crisis Management. (2020). ICM Annual Crisis Report. https://crisisconsultant.com/icm-annual-crisis-report/

Jacques, T. (2010). “Reshaping crisis management: The challenge for organizational design”, Organization Development Journal, 28(1), 9-17.

Jakubanecs, A., Supphellen, M., & Helgeson, J. G. (2018). “Crisis management across borders: Effects of a crisis event on consumer responses and communication strategies in Norway and Russia”, Journal of East-West Business, 24(1), 1-23.

Jiang, S., Gong, L., & Wei, J. (2011). “The Enterprise’s political strategy in the background of transitional economy - A Comparison of state-owned enterprises and private enterprises”, Nankai Business Review, 14(3), 42-51.

Jing, R., & McDermott, E. P. (2013). “Transformation of state-owned enterprises in China: A strategic action model”, Management and Organization Review, 9(1), 53.

Joseph, D. (2013). Adapting to succeed in China: Keys to overcoming China’s biggest challenges. Retrieved November 10 from https://www.pnc.com/content/dam/pnc-com/pdf/corporateandinstitutional/International/WP_Adapting_to_Succeed_in_China_091613.Final.pdf.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). “Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk”, Econometrica, 47(2), 263-292.

Kantur, D., & Iseri-Say, A. (2012). “Organizational resilience: A conceptual, integrative framework”, Journal of Management & Organization, 18, 762-773.

Kim, S. D. (2017). “Characterization of unknown unknowns using separation principles in case study on Deepwater Horizon oil spill”, Journal of Risk Research, 20(1), 151-168.

Kong, X. Q., & Zhao, D. F. (2018). “Research on informatization of emergency management in large-scale etrochemical enterprises”, Modern Chemical Industry, 38(9), 1-4.

Kurschus, R.-J., Sarapovas, T., & Pilinkiene, V. (2017). “The Concept of crisis management by intervention model for SMEs”, Engineering Economics, 28(2), 170-179.

Lee, B. K. (2004). “Audience-oriented approach to crisis communication: a study of Hong Kong consumers’ evaluation of an organizational crisis”, Communication Research, 31(5), 600-618.

Li, J., & Zhou, K. (2010). “How foreign firms achieve competitive advantage in the Chinese emerging economy: managerial ties and market orientation”, Journal of Business Research, 63, 856-862.

Li, S. (2020). “Use of social media platforms for purchasing fashion items: A comparison of US and Chinese consumers”, Journal of Comparative International Management, 23(1), 1-25.

Lin, K., Lu, X., Zhang, J., & Zheng, Y. (2020). “State-owned enterprises in China: A review of 40 years of research and practice”, China Journal of Accounting Research, 13, 31-55.

Liu, F., & Zhang, L. (2018). “Executive turnover in China’s state-owned enterprises: Government-oriented or market-oriented”, China Journal of Accounting Research, 11(2), 129-149.

Liu, H., & Liu, W. M. (2012). “Design of corporate training strategy based on the crisis management perspective”, Vocational and Technical Education, 33(31), 60-63.

Liu, X., Chang, Z., & Zhao, P. (2009). “Is it simply a matter of managerial competence? Interpreting Chinese executives’ perceptions of crisis management”, Public Relations Review, 35, 232-239.

Liu, Y., Shankar, V., & Yun, W. (2017). “Crisis management strategies and the long-term effects of product recalls on firm value”, Journal of Marketing, 81(5), 30-48.

Ma, L., & Christensen, T. (2019). “Government trust, social trust, and citizens' risk concerns: Evidence from crisis management in China”, Public Performance & Management Review, 42(2), 383-404.

Mainiero, L. A., & Jones, K. J. (2013). “Sexual harassment versus workplace romance: Social media spillover and textual harassment in the workplace”, Academy of Management Perspectives, 27(3), 187-203.

Mills, M. F. (2019). “Preparing for the unknown... unknowns: 'doomsday' prepping and disaster risk anxiety in the United States”, Journal of Risk Research, 22(10), 1267-1279.

Mitroff, I. I. (2005). Why some companies emerge stronger and better from a crisis: Seven essential lessons for surviving a disaster. ANACOM.

Mitroff, I. I., & Pearson, C. M. (1993). Crisis Management: A Diagnostic Guide for Improving your Organization's Crisis-Preparedness. Jossey-Bass.

Mitroff, I. I., Shrivastava, P., & Udwadia, F. E. (1987). “Effective Crisis Management”, Academy of Management Executive (08963789), 1(4), 283-292.

Moses, J. (2013). “Get action instead of indifference: Using behavioral economics insights to deliver benefits messages”, Benefits Quarterly, 29, 8-15.

Ngai, S. B. C., & Falkheimer, J. (2017). “How IKEA turned a crisis into an opportunity”, Public Relations Review, 43(1), 246-248.

Nizamidou, C., Vouzas, F., & Gotzamani, K. (2019). “Exploring the interrelationship between quality, safety and HR within crisis management framework”, TQM Journal, 31(4), 541-562.

Oliver, C., & Holzinger, I. (2008). “The effectiveness of strategic political management: A dynamic capabilities framework”, Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 496-520.

Ouedraogo, A. (2007). “Crisis Management and Corporate Strategy in African Firms: Towards a Contingency Approach”, Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 15(4), 220-231.

Pang, A., Hu, Y., & Woon, E. (2018). “A broad stroke or different strokes for different folks? Examining the subtleties in crisis management approaches between state-owned enterprises and privately-owned enterprises in China”, Chinese Journal of Communication, 11(1), 5-25.

Park, S., & Avery, E. J. (2019). “Development and validation of a crisis self‐efficacy index”, Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 27(3), 247-256.

Park, S., & Vanhonacker, R. W. (2007). “The challenge for multinational corporations in China: Think global, act local”, Sloan Management Review, 48(4), 8-15.

Parnell, J. A. (2015). “Crisis Management and Strategic Orientation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Peru, Mexico and the United States”, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 23(4), 221-233.

Parnell, J. A. (2021). “An ounce of prevention: What promotes crisis readiness and how does it drive performance? ”, American Business Review, 24(1), 90-113.

Parnell, J. A., & Crandall, W. R. (2020). “The contribution of behavioral economics to crisis management decision-making”, Journal of Management & Organization, 28(4), 585-600.

Parnell, J. A., & Crandall, W. R. (2021). “What drives crisis readiness? An assessment of managers in the United States: The effects of market turbulence, perceived likelihood of a crisis, small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises and innovative capacity”, Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 29, 419-428.

Parnell, J. A., & Dent, E. B. (2009). “The role of luck in the strategy-performance relationship”, Management Decision, 47(6), 1000-1021.

Parnell, J. A., Köseoglu, M. A., & Spillan, J. E. (2010). “Crisis readiness in Turkey and the United States”, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 18(2), 108-116.

Parnell, J. A., & Zhang, L. (2017, June 18-22). Nonmarket strategy and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China 2017 Eastern Academy of Management International (EAMI) conference, Gold Coast, Australia.

Passaris, C. E. (2011). “Redesigning financial governance for the new global economy of the 21st century”, Journal of Comparative International Management, 14(1), 1-15.

Pearson, C., & Clair, J. (1998). “Reframing crisis management”, Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 59-76.

Pearson, C., & Mitroff, I. I. (1993). “From crisis prone to crisis prepared: A framework for crisis management”, Academy of Management Executive, 71(1), 48-59.

Peng, M. W., & Luo, Y. (2000). “Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link”, Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 486-501.

Piatrowski, C., Watt, J. D., & Armstrong, T. (2010). “The interdisciplinary nature of the field of crisis management: A call for research collaboration”, Organization Development Journal, 28(3), 85-91.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). “Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.

Quarantelli, E. L. (1988). “Disaster crisis management: A summary of research findings”, Journal of Management Studies, 25, 373-385.

Rababah, A., Al‐Haddad, L., Sial, M. S., Chunmei, Z., & Cherian, J. (2020). “Analyzing the effects of COVID‐19 pandemic on the financial performance of Chinese listed companies”, Journal of Public Affairs, 20(4), 1-6.

Raes, A. M. L., Heijltjes, M. G., Glunk, U., & Roe, R. A. (2011). “The Interface of the top management team and middle managers: A process model”, Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 102-126.

Ralston, D. A., Terpstra-Tong, J., Terpstra, R. H., Wang, X., & Egri, C. (2006). “Today's state-owned enterprises of China: are they dying dinosaurs or dynamic dynamos?”, Strategic Management Journal, 27(9), 8.

Ramanujam, V., & Venkatraman, N. (1987). “Planning system characteristics and planning effectiveness”, Strategic Management Journal, 8(5), 453-468.

Ritchie, W. J., & Melnyk, S. A. (2012). “The impact of emerging institutional norms on adoption timing decisions: evidence from C-TPAT-A government antiterrorism initiative”, Strategic Management Journal, 33(7), 860-870.

Rousaki, B., & Alcott, P. (2007). “Exploring the crisis readiness perceptions of hotel managers in the UK”, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(1), 27-38.

Roux-Dufort, C. (2007). “Is crisis management (only) a management of exceptions?”, Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 15(2), 105-114.

Sahin, B., Kapucu, N., & Unlu, A. (2008). “Perspectives on crisis management in Europe Union Countries: United Kimdom, Spain, and Germany”, European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 1(1), 19-45.

Sawalha, I. H. S., Jraisat, L. F., & Al-Quduh, K. A. M. (2013). “Crisis and disaster management in Jordanian hotels: Practices and cultural considerations”, Disaster Prevention and Management, 22(3), 210-228.

Shen, H., Fu, M., Pan, H., Yu, Z., & Chen, Y. (2020). “The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on firm performance”, Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 56(10), 2213-2230.

Shen, L. (2020). “Use of social media platforms for purchasing fashion items: A Comparison of US and Chinese consumers”, Journal of Comparative International Management, 23(1), 1-25.

Shortell, S. M., & Zajac, E. J. (1990). “Research notes. Perceptual and archival measures of Miles and Snow's strategic types: A comprehensive assessment of reliability and validity”, Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 817-832.

Somers, S. (2009). “Measuring resilience potential: An adaptive strategy for organizatonal crisis planning”, Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 17(1), 12-23.

Staupe-Delgado, R., & Kruke, B. I. (2018). “Preparedness: Unpacking and clarifying the concept”, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26(2), 212-224.

Tanifuji, E. (2000). “Crisis awareness and organizational response capabilities in present Japanese local governments: Crisis awareness survey findings”, Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 8(1), 30-41.

Teece, D. J., Peteraf, M., & Leih, S. (2016). “Dynamic capabilities and organizational agility: Risk, uncertainty, and strategy in the innovation economy”, California Management Review, 58(4), 13-35.

Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). “Dynamic capabilities and strategic management”, Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.

Tian, K. Q., & Zhang, L. (2019). “Thinking of China's system and governance's advantages under the global epidemic resistance”, Journal of Northeast Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 4, 9-17.

Topaloglu, C., Köseoglu, M. A., & Ondracek, J. (2013). “Crisis readiness, strategic orientation and performance: evidence from Turkey”, International Journal of Management & Enterprise Development, 12(3), 212-236.

Trivedi, A., & Steinberg, J. (2018). China conglomerate gets lifeline. Wall Street Journal, B1, B2.

Tsui, A. S., Z., Z., Wang, H., Xin, K., & Wu, J. (2006). “Unpacking the relationship between CEO leadership behavior and organizational culture”, Leadership Quarterly, 17, 113-137.

Vargo, J., & Seville, E. (2011). “Crisis strategic planning for SMEs: finding the silver lining”, International Journal of Production Research, 49, 5619-5635.

Vouzas, F., & Nizamidou, C. (2018). “Crisis management awareness in the food-agricultural industry: Insights from a leading export Greek SME”, Global Business & Economics Anthology, 1, 80-94.

Wang, J. (2001). “The incentives and behavior of dual games”, Economic Review, 8, 71-78.

Wang, P., & Tang, K. K. (2019). “The role of corporate culture in corporate crisis management: A case study based on Lehman Brothers”, Journal of Case Management Studies, 12(3), 301-314.

Wang, Y. (2016). “Brand crisis communication through social media: a dialogue between brand competitors on Sina Weibo. Corp.”, Communication International Journal, 21(1), 56-72.

Wang, Y., & Laufer, D. (2020). Journal of International Management, 26(1), 100708.

Weick, K., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2006). Managing the unexpected: Assuring high performance in an age of complexity. Jossey Bass.

Wong, A., Wei, L., Wang, X., & Tjosvold, D. (2017). “Guanxi’s contribution to commitment and productive conflict between banks and small and medium enterprises in China”, Group & Organization Management, 42, 819-845.

Wong, S. I. (2019). “Influencing upward: subordinates' responses to leaders' (un)awareness of their empowerment expectations”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(10), 1604-1634.

Wood, G., & Frynas, J. G. (2006). “The institutional basis of economic failure: anatomy of the segmented business system”, Socio-Economic Review, 4(2), 239-271.

Wu, C. S., & Zhao, S. M. (2006). "The competitive advantage in perspective of human resource training—motivatives of and empirical research on human resource training of enterprise groups in China", Nanjing Business Review, 3, 182-195.

Wu, W., Wu, C., & Rui, O. M. (2012). “Ownership and the value of political connections: Evidence from China”, European Financial Management, 18(4), 695-729.

Wu, W., Wu, C., Zhou, C., & Wu, J. (2012). “Political connections, tax benefits and firm performance: Evidence from China”, Journal of Accounting & Public Policy, 31(3), 277-300.

Yan, Y., & Kim, Y. (2015). “Framing the crisis by one’s seat: a comparative study of newspaper frames of the Asiana crash in the USA, Korea, and China”, Asian Journal of Communication, 25(5), 486-506.

Yang, L., & Chen, W. J. (2014). “Research on crisis management and early-warning of enterprise in China”, Science and Technology Management Research, 34(13), 188-208.

Yang, Z., & Jiang, L. (2015). “Managing corporate crisis in China: Sentiment, reason, and law”, Business Horizons, 58(2), 193-201.

Ye, L., & Pang, A. (2011). “Examining the Chinese approach to crisis management: Cover-ups, saving face, and taking the “upper-level line” ”, Journal of Marketing Channels, 18(4), 247-278.

Yeh, Y.-H., Shu, P.-G., & Chiu, S.-B. (2013). “Political connections, corporate governance and preferential bank loans”, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 21(1), 1079-1101.

Yu, T., & Wen, W. C. (2003). “Crisis communication in Chinese culture: A case study in Taiwan”, Asian Journal of Communication, 13(2), 5-64.

Zhang, L., Parnell, J. A., & Xiong, C. (2020). “Market and nonmarket strategies (NMS) in China: Performance payoffs in turbulent environments”, Asian Business & Management, 20(5), 644-665.

Zheng, H., & Zhang, Y. (2016). “Do SOEs outperform private enterprises in CSR? Evidence from China”, Chinese Management Studies, 10(3), 435-457.

Zheng, Y., Chen, C., & Ren, H. (2017). “Who will keep an eye on government policy? Evidence from Chinese pharmaceutical firms”, Chinese Management Studies, 11(2), 346-364.

Zhong , K. (2007). “Crisis management in China”, China Security, 90-109.

Zhong, K. B. (2003). “An analysis of the vulnerabilities of the public with the SARS crisis in China”, Journal of Tsinghua University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 4, 25-31.

Zhu, L., Anagondahalli, D., & Zhang, A. (2017). “Social media and culture in crisis communication: McDonald’s and KFC crises management in China”, Public Relations Review, 43(3), 487-492.

Downloads

Published

2023-06-30

How to Cite

Parnell, J. A., Crandall, W. “Rick”, Zhang, L., & Lin, Y. (2023). Visualizing Crisis Management: Crisis Experience, Concern, and Training in China. Journal of Comparative International Management, 26(1), 35–64. https://doi.org/10.55482/jcim.2023.33534

Issue

Section

Research Articles