Ellipsoidally Referenced Surveying Technique: A Review of the Current Status and Development of Ellipsoidally Referenced Surveying Technique in the Coastal and Offshore Zones for Hydrographic Survey Practice

Abstract

Technologies sophistication in addition to the Industry 4.0 trend has contributed to the high-accuracy ellipsoidal height from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to be used in hydrography for vertical positioning. The method known as Ellipsoidally Referenced Surveying (ERS) provides direct measurement of sea floor to the ellipsoid and a translation of the reference from the ellipsoid to the precise geoid or chart datum. This article is an attempt to review the nations which have adopted ERS technique for hydrographic survey practice. A few case studies on practicing ERS technique are summarised to determine the ability of this technique. Future outlooks are also discussed on realising the ERS technique in Malaysia and the role of agencies in supporting the ERS realisation. In conclusion, adopting this technique will modernise and indirectly challenge the new norm in hydrographic surveying practice in Malaysia.