The dynamic and rapidly evolving landscape of international business is increasingly shaped by migration and diverse transnational diaspora networks. These migrant and diasporic communities are not only relevant players in the global economy but also serve as catalysts for innovation, entrepreneurship and the integration of global markets (Kotabe et al., 2013). This special issue discusses the shifting circumstances in international business and entrepreneurship. It explores the complex roles of migration, diasporas and evolving communities and entrepreneurial ecosystems while shedding light on their contributions to the economic, social and cultural landscapes of both host and home countries.

Migration is a multifaceted phenomenon driven by various factors, such as economic opportunities, political instability, conflict and environmental challenges. Today, migration is more prevalent than ever before but also a contested phenomenon. The reasons for migration are varied, ranging from economic push factors to the desire for improved security and better quality of life but are also fuelled by entrepreneurial aspirations and business. At the same time, migration is a deeply personal experience for individuals and families, who navigate the challenges of settling in new environments, maintaining ties with their countries of origin and seeking to build new lives and businesses in foreign markets.

As migration patterns continue to shift, it is essential to examine the impact of these movements on international business. The interplay between migration and the global business landscape is crucial, not only for understanding how markets evolve but also for grasping the opportunities and challenges faced by migrant entrepreneurs and diasporic investors (Elo & Minto-Coy, 2018; Riddle & Brinkerhoff, 2011). Migration has become a critical component of economic development in both high-income and low-income countries. The aging population in many advanced economies and the growing need for skilled labour in emerging economies offer migrant labour and entrepreneurship a vital role in sustaining global competitiveness and facilitating knowledge transfer between different regions. These dynamics again influence how entrepreneurial and business ecosystems may develop (e.g. Audretsch et al., 2024).

The impact of diasporas on international business is profound, particularly in terms of how these transnational networks act as bridges between countries. Diasporas create valuable business linkages that foster trade, investment and the exchange of knowledge between their home countries and host nations. This transnational activity extends far beyond the mere remittances sent home by migrant workers; it encompasses a broader range of entrepreneurial activities that promote innovation, drive economic growth and capacity building (Chrysostome, 2019). Diasporic entrepreneurs often leverage their unique position, combining cultural knowledge, networks and social capital they possess in both their home and host countries, to create business opportunities that transcend borders (Brinkerhoff, 2009; Elo et al., 2020; Riddle & Brinkerhoff, 2011).

Social capital and cultural intelligence have long been identified as key factors influencing the success of diaspora-led businesses. Diaspora entrepreneurs draw upon their social capital—the networks, resources and knowledge developed through their transnational connections. Cultural competencies gained through migration and diaspora enable migrants and diasporans to adapt to and navigate complex business environments, overcoming barriers such as uncertainty, language challenges and unfamiliar regulatory systems. Moreover, the role of family businesses in diaspora communities is significant. These businesses often serve as the backbone of transnational entrepreneurial ecosystems (Terstriep et al., 2023), maintaining strong ties to both home and host markets. Family businesses are uniquely positioned to leverage cultural insights and networks, enabling the flow of capital, knowledge and talent between multiple regions (Evansluong et al., 2023). As such, they play an essential role in driving the economic development of both the home and host countries. The enduring nature of family-run enterprises in diasporic contexts speaks to the resilience and adaptability of migrant communities, enabling them to navigate cross-border challenges while ensuring long-term business continuity.

Migrant entrepreneurship is not only vital to local economies but also plays a key role in shaping global business ecosystems. Migrants often become catalysts for the development of new industries and the diversification of existing ones. These entrepreneurs bring unique insights into local consumer needs and preferences, often identifying market opportunities that others may overlook. Their ability to tap into both local and international markets creates a dynamic business environment where innovation and market growth are facilitated by their cross-border perspectives and ethnic insights (David et al., 2025; Elo et al., 2020).

Despite the significant contributions that migrant entrepreneurs make to local and global economies, they often face a series of challenges that impede their ability to thrive. These challenges include exclusionary barriers such as limited access to financing, social networks and legal support, as well as prejudice and discrimination in the labour market. However, migrant entrepreneurs consistently demonstrate resilience, using their entrepreneurial agency ‑ the capacity to act strategically within complex environments ‑ to navigate these obstacles and carve out successful business ventures.

The concepts of belonging and motivation play an important role in migrant entrepreneurship. Migrants’ ability to integrate into their new environments while maintaining a sense of attachment to their home countries influences their business success. This dual attachment allows them to build strong networks that facilitate business growth in both their home and host countries. In this way, migrant entrepreneurs act as conduits for cross-cultural exchange, communication and regional connectivity, contributing to the globalisation of business practices and the integration of diverse market segments (Ivanova-Gongne et al., 2024; Riddle & Brinkerhoff, 2011).