Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Articles

Vol. 28 No. 3 (2025): Second language pronunciation: Current issues and developments

The implementation of a pronunciation task: What do teachers think?

DOI
https://doi.org/10.37213/cjal.2025.35818
Submitted
November 13, 2025
Published
2025-12-15

Abstract

To support language learners in engaging in interaction, language instruction must prioritize the development of oral communication skills.  Research has consistently shown that pronunciation instruction enhances both comprehensibility and intelligibility (Chau & Huensch, 2025; Kennedy et al., 2015; Levis, 2024; Saito & Plonsky, 2019).  In recent years, there has been a shift towards the use of communicative tasks for the development of oral skills, including pronunciation (Gurzynski-Weiss et al., 2017; Mora-Plaza et al., 2024; Xu et al., 2024); however, we have a limited understanding of the impact of pedagogical tasks on suprasegmental dimensions from the teacher’s perspective. The objective of this research is to describe the cognitions of three teachers of French for newcomers (francisation) regarding the implementation of a decision-making task that included explicit teaching of French prosody during task completion. Through a qualitative analysis of interview data, findings indicate that the participants had a positive outlook towards the use of tasks for targeting learners’ oral skills.  The focus on suprasegmental features, however, tended to be perceived differently based on the participants’ training and language repertoire.  Finally, the participants questioned the timing of prosody instruction.  These findings are discussed in light of previous work at the intersection of pronunciation, task-based language teaching and teacher cognition. 

References

  1. Baker, A. (2014). Exploring teachers' knowledge of second language pronunciation techniques: Teacher cognitions, observed classroom practices, and student perceptions. TESOL Quarterly, 48(1), 136-163. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.99
  2. Bai, B., & Yuan, R. (2019). EFL teachers’ beliefs and practices about pronunciation teaching. ELT Journal, 73(2), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccy043
  3. Barrantes-Elizondo, L. & Gordon, J. (2024). Between pedagogical content knowledge and confidence: A case study of pronunciation training and teacher preparation. Ilha do Desterro, 77, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2024.e99365
  4. Borg, S. (2003). Teacher cognition in language teaching: A review of research on what language teachers think, know, believe, and do. Language Teaching, 36(2), 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444803001903
  5. Borg, S. (2015). Teacher cognition and language education: research and practice. Bloomsbury Academic.
  6. Briet, G., Collige, V., & Rassart-Eeckhout, E. (2014). La prononciation en classe. Presses universitaires de Grenoble.
  7. Burri, M. (2015). “My perspective changed dramatically”: A case for preparing L2 instructors to teach pronunciation. English Australia Journal, 31(1), 19-37.
  8. Burri, M. & Baker, A. (2021). ‘I feel… slightly out of touch’: A longitudinal study of teachers learning to teach English pronunciation over a six-year period. Applied Linguistics, 42(4), 791-809. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amab009
  9. Burri, M., Baker, A., & Chen, H. (2017). ‘I feel like having a nervous breakdown’: Pre-service and in-service teachers’ developing beliefs and knowledge about pronunciation instruction. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation, 3(1), 109-135. https://doi.org/10.1075/jslp.3.1.05bur
  10. Burns, A., Freeman, D., & Edwards, E. (2015). Theorizing and studying the language‐teaching mind: Mapping research on language teacher cognition. The Modern Language Journal, 99(3), 585-601. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12245
  11. Carless, D. (2004). Issues in teachers’ reinterpretation of a task-based innovation in primary schools. TESOL Quarterly, 38(4), 639‑662. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588283
  12. Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. & Goodwin, J. M. (2010). Teaching pronunciation: A course book and reference guide (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  13. Chau, T., & Huensch, A. (2025). The relationships among L2 fluency, intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness: A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 47(1), 282-307. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263125000014
  14. Council of Europe. (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge University Press.
  15. Couper, G. (2017). Teacher cognition of pronunciation teaching: Teachers’ concerns and issues. TESOL Quarterly, 51(4), 820‑843. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.354
  16. Cuq, J.-P. (2003). Dictionnaire de didactique du français langue étrangère et seconde. CLE International.
  17. Dao, P., Iwashita, N., Chi Nguyen, M. X. N., & Arias-Contreras, C. (2024). Teachers’ and learners’ beliefs about task-based language teaching: A systematic review. In S. Li (Ed.), Individual differences and task-based language teaching (pp. 228–260). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/tblt.16.08dao
  18. Derwing, T. M. (2010). Utopian goals for pronunciation teaching. In J. Levis, & K. LeVelle (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1st pronunciation in second language learning and teaching conference, Iowa State University, Sept. 2009. (pp. 24-37). Iowa State University.
  19. Derwing, T. M. & Munro, M. J. (2015). Pronunciation fundamentals: Evidence-based perspectives for L2 teaching and research. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  20. Derwing, T. M. & Rossiter, M. J. (2003). The effects of pronunciation instruction on the accuracy, fluency, and complexity of L2 accented speech. Applied Language Learning, 13(1), 1‑17.
  21. Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies. Oxford University Press.
  22. Douglas, S. R. & Kim, M. (2014). Task-based language teaching and English for academic purposes: An investigation into instructor perceptions and practice in the Canadian context. TESL Canada Journal, 31(8), 1‑22. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v31i0.1184
  23. East, M. (2017). Research into practice: The task-based approach to structured second language education. Language Teaching, 50(3), 412-424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144481700009X
  24. East, M. (2021). Foundational principles of task-based language teaching. Routledge.
  25. East, M. (2024). TBLT from the teachers’ perspective: A response to Ellis (2024). International Journal of TESOL Studies, 6(4), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.58304/ijts.20240403
  26. Ellis, R. (2003). Task-based language teaching and learning. Oxford University Press.
  27. Ellis, R. (2009). Task-based language teaching: Sorting out the misunderstandings. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 19(3), 221–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2009.00231.x
  28. Ellis, R. (2024). Task-based and task-supported language teaching. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 6(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.58304/ijts.20240401
  29. Ellis, R., & Shintani, N. (2014). Exploring language pedagogy through second language acquisition research. Routledge.
  30. Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019). Task-based language teaching: Theory and practice. Cambridge University Press.
  31. Foote, J. A., Holtby, A. K., & Derwing, T. M. (2011). Survey of the teaching of pronunciation in adult ESL programs in Canada, 2010. TESL Canada Journal, 29(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v29i1.1086
  32. Foote, J. A., Trofimovich, P., Collins, L., & Urzúa, F. S. (2016). Pronunciation teaching practices in communicative second language classes. The Language Learning Journal, 44(2), 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2013.784345
  33. Freeman, D., & Johnson, K. E. (1998). Reconceptualizing the knowledge-base of language teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 32(1), 397-417.
  34. Gordon, J. (2021). Pronunciation and task-based instruction: Effects of a classroom intervention. RELC Journal, 52(1), 94‑109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220986919
  35. Graus, J., & Coppen, P. (2016). Student teacher beliefs on grammar instruction. Language Teaching Research, 20(5), 571–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168815603237
  36. Gurzynski-Weiss, L., Long, A. Y., & Solon, M. (2017). TBLT and L2 pronunciation: Do the benefits of tasks extend beyond grammar and lexis? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 39(2), 213-224.
  37. Hasnain, S., & Halder, S. (2023). Exploring the impediments for successful implementation of the task-based language teaching approach: A review of studies on teachers’ perceptions. The Language Learning Journal, 51(2), 208‑222. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2021.1989015
  38. Jean, G., & Simard, D. (2011). Grammar teaching and learning in L2: Necessary, but boring? Foreign Language Annals, 44(3), 467–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2011.01143.x
  39. Jung, Y., Kim, Y., & Murphy, J. (2017). The role of task repetition in learning word-stress patterns through auditory priming tasks. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 39(2), 319‑346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263117000031
  40. Kang, O., Rubin, D., & Pickering, L. (2010). Suprasegmental measures of accentedness and judgments of language learner proficiency in oral English. Modern Language Journal, 94(4), 554–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2010.01091.x
  41. Kennedy, S., & Blanchet, J. (2014). Language awareness and perception of connected speech in a second language. Language Awareness, 23(1-2), 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2013.863904
  42. Kennedy, S., Blanchet, J., & Trofimovich, P. (2014). Learner pronunciation, awareness, and instruction in French as a second language. Foreign Language Annals, 47(1), 79‑96. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12066
  43. Kennedy, S., Guénette, D., Murphy, J., & Allard, S. (2015). Le rôle de la prononciation dans l’intercompréhension entre locuteurs de français lingua franca. Canadian Modern Language Review, 71(1), 1‑25. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.2139
  44. Kim, Y. (2015). The role of tasks as vehicles for language learning in classroom interaction. In N. Markee (Ed.), The handbook of classroom discourse and interaction (pp. 163–181). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118531242.ch10
  45. Kim, Y. (2024). A journey of sustainable TBLT curricular development: Collaborating with various stakeholders and producing TBLT ambassadors. TASK, 4(2), 267-289. https://doi.org/10.1075/task.00035.kim
  46. Kochem, T. (2022). Exploring the connection between teacher training and teacher cognitions related to L2 pronunciation instruction. TESOL Quarterly, 56(4), 1136-1162. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3095
  47. Lee, J., Jang, J., & Plonsky, L. (2015). The effectiveness of second language pronunciation instruction: A meta-analysis. Applied Linguistics, 36(3), 345–366. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu040
  48. Lee, J., Murphy, J., & Baker, A. (2015). “Teachers are not empty vessels”: A reception study of Freeman and Johnson’s (1998) reconceptualization of the knowledge base of second language teacher education. TESL Canada Journal, 33(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v33i1.1224
  49. Levis, J. M. (2005). Changing contexts and shifting paradigms in pronunciation teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 39(3), 369–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588485
  50. Levis, J. M. (2018). Intelligibility, oral communication, and the teaching of pronunciation. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108241564
  51. Levis, J. M. (2024). Key issues in L2 pronunciation research: A look back at 10 years of JSLP. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation, 10(3), 293-308.
  52. Levis, J. M. & Wu, A. (2018). Pronunciation—Research into practice and practice into research. The CATESOL Journal, 30(1), 1-12.
  53. Li, L. (2019). Language teacher cognition: A sociocultural perspective. Springer Nature.
  54. Liu, Y., & Ren, W. (2024). Task-based language teaching in a local EFL context: Chinese university teachers’ beliefs and practices. Language Teaching Research, 28(6), 2234–2250. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211044247
  55. Liu, Y. & Xiong, T. (2016). Situated task-based language teaching in Chinese colleges: Teacher education. English Language Teaching, 9(5), 22‑32. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1097562
  56. Loewen, S. & Isbell, D. R. (2017). Pronunciation in face-to-face and audio-only synchronous computer-mediated learner interaction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 39.2, 225–256.
  57. Long, M. (2015). Second language acquisition and task-based language teaching. John Wiley & Sons.
  58. McKinnon, S. (2017). TBLT instructional effects on tonal alignment and pitch range in L2 Spanish imperatives versus declaratives. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 39(2), 287‑317. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263116000267
  59. Michaud, G. & Ammar, A. (2023). Explicit instruction within a task: Before, during, or after? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 45(2), 442‑460. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263122000316
  60. Mora-Plaza, I. (2023). Task-based pronunciation teaching helps to improve L2 vowel production: Generalization effects. In A. Henderson, & A. Kirkova-Naskova (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th international conference on English pronunciation: Issues and practices (pp. 172–187). Université Grenoble-Alpes.
  61. Mora-Plaza I, Mora, J. C., & Gilabert, R. (2018). Learning L2 pronunciation through communicative tasks. In J. Levis (Ed.). Proceedings of the 9th pronunciation in second language learning and teaching conference, University of Utah, USA, 1–2 September 2017 (pp. 174–184). Iowa State University.
  62. Mora-Plaza, I., Mora, J. C., Ortega, M., & Aliaga-Garcia, C. (2024). Is L2 pronunciation affected by increased task complexity in pronunciation-unfocused speaking tasks? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 46, 1117–1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263124000470
  63. Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (1995). Foreign accent, comprehensibility, and intelligibility in the speech of second language learners. Language Learning, 45(1), 73‑97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00963.x
  64. Murphy, J. (2014). Myth: Teacher preparation programs provide adequate preparation in how to teach pronunciation. In L. Grant (Ed.), Pronunciation myths (pp. 188-224). University of Michigan Press.
  65. Murphy, J. (2017). Teaching the pronunciation of English: Focus on whole courses. University of Michigan Press.
  66. Nguyen, L. T., & Newton, J. (2020). Pronunciation teaching in tertiary EFL classes: Vietnamese teachers' beliefs and practices. TESL-EJ, 24(1).
  67. Parlak, Ö., & Ziegler, N. (2017). The impact of recasts on the development of primary stress in a synchronous computer-mediated environment. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 39(2), 257‑285. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263116000310
  68. Payant, C., & Kim, Y. (2019). Impact of task modality on collaborative dialogue among plurilingual learners: A classroom-based study. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 22(5), 614-627. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1292999
  69. Payant, C., & Michaud, G. (2020). La conceptualisation de la tâche en didactique des langues secondes: l’enseignement des langues basé sur la tâche et l’approche actionnelle. La Revue de l’AQEFLS, 33(1), 4-11.
  70. Peng, Y., & Pyper, J. S. (2021). Finding success with pedagogical innovation: A case from CSL teachers’ experiences with TBLT. Language Teaching Research, 25(4), 633-655. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168819862132
  71. Riegel, M., Pellat, J. C., & Rioul, R. (2009). Grammaire méthodique du français (4e éd. entièrement revue). Presses universitaires de France.
  72. Robinson, P. (2007). Task complexity, theory of mind, and intentional reasoning: Effects on speech production, interaction, uptake of premodified input and perceptions of task difficulty. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (IRAL), 45, 195-215.
  73. Saito, K., & Plonsky, L. (2019). Effects of second language pronunciation teaching revisited: A proposed measurement framework and meta-analysis. Language Learning, 69(3), 652–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12345
  74. Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). Sage.
  75. Sedeek, Y. (2024). Improving American learners’ pronunciation of Arabic pharyngeals: Traditional vs. TBI method. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The University of Mississippi.
  76. Solon, M., Long, A. Y., & Gurzynski-Weiss, L. (2017). Task complexity, language-related episodes, and production of L2 Spanish vowels. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 39(2), 347‑380. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263116000425
  77. Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (1998). Interaction and second language learning: Two adolescent French immersion students working together. The Modern Language Journal, 82(3), 320–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1998.tb01209.x
  78. Uribe, C., Cedergren, H., & Payeras, J. (2014). Les effets de l’enseignement des phénomènes d’enchaînement sur la production orale des élèves dans un cours d’espagnol langue étrangère au Québec. Canadian Modern Language Review, 70(4), 559‑587. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.2307
  79. Tajeddin, Z., & Mansouri, A. (2024). Teachers’ cognition and classroom implementation of tasks in task-supported language teaching (TSLT). Language Teaching Research. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688241230945
  80. Xu, J., Saito, K., & Mora-Plaza, I. (2024). Task-based pronunciation teaching: Lack of auditory precision but not memory hinders learning. System, 127, 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103532
  81. Zheng, X. & Borg, S. (2014). Task-based learning and teaching in China: Secondary school teachers’ beliefs and practices. Language Teaching Research, 18(2), 205‑221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168813505941