Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Articles

Vol. 27 No. 3 (2024)

Exploring the use of Communities of Practice as Professional Development for French as a Second Language Teachers

DOI
https://doi.org/10.37213/cjal.2024.33815
Submitted
February 14, 2024
Published
2025-05-30

Abstract

In Canada, French as a second language (FSL) teachers have indicated a lack of professional learning opportunities adapted to their needs and interests. In order to support their ongoing development, more research is needed to study professional learning models that address their unique set of knowledge and skills, such as language proficiency, intercultural awareness, pedagogy, and collaborative professionalism (Masson et al., 2024). To respond to this need, this study implemented a four-month professional development series for FSL teachers in an Ontario school board based on a community of practice (CoP) framework. Data was collected through pre-/post-questionnaires and participant interviews and analyzed through Wenger et al.’s (2011) cycles of value creation. The results show that while the CoP initiative created immediate and potential value for participants, it did not necessarily lead to an applied value, or reported changes to the FSL teachers’ practice. 

References

  1. Arnott, S., & Vignola, M.-J. (2018). The common European framework of reference (CEFR) in French immersion teacher education. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 6(2), 321–345. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.17008.arn
  2. Arnott, S., Masson, M., Prasad, G., Azan, A., Boreland, T., Burchell, D., Kaszuba, A., Kunnas, M., & Grant, R. (2023, May 9). Project. ReadyFSL. https://www.readyfsl.ca/english/project
  3. Bracke, A., & Aguerre, S. (2015). Erasmus students: Joining communities of practice to learn French? In R. Mitchell, N. Tracy-Ventura, & K. McManus (Eds.), Social interaction, identity and language learning during residence abroad (pp. 139–168). The European Second Language Association. http://www.eurosla.org/monographs/EM04/Bracke_Aguerre.pdf
  4. Cammarata, L. (2009). Negotiating curricular transitions: Foreign language teachers’ learning experience with content-based instruction. Canadian Modern Language Review, 65(4), 559–585. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.65.4.559
  5. Cammarata, L., & Haley, C. (2018). Integrated content, language, and literacy instruction in a Canadian French immersion context: A professional development journey. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 21(3), 332–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1386617
  6. Cammarata, L., Cavanagh, M., Blain, S. et Sabatier, C. (2018). Enseigner en immersion française au Canada : synthèse des connaissances sur les défis et leurs implications pour la formation des enseignants. La revue canadienne des langues vivantes, 74(1), 101–127. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.3889
  7. Campbell, C. (2018). Developing teacher leadership and collaborative professionalism to flip the system: Reflections from Canada. In D.M. Netolicky, J. Andrews, & C. Paterson (Eds.), Flip the system Australia: What matters in education (pp. 74–84). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429429620
  8. Cassidy, C., Christie, D., Coutts, N., Dunn, J., Sinclair, C., Skinner, D., & Wilson, A. (2008). Building communities of educational enquiry. Oxford Review of Education, 34(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980701614945
  9. Christiansen, H., & Laplante, B. (2004). Second language pre-service teachers as learners: The language portfolio project. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 60(4), 439–455. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.60.4.439
  10. Byrd Clark, J., Mady, C., & Vanthuyne, A. (2014). Exploring reflexivity and multilingualism in three French language teacher education programs. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 129–155. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/20098
  11. Darling-Hammond, L., & Bransford, J. (Eds.). (2005). Preparing teachers for a changing world. Jossey-Bass.
  12. Davin, K. J., Herazo, J. D., & Sagre, A. (2017). Learning to mediate: Teacher appropriation of dynamic assessment. Language Teaching Research, 21(5), 632–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168816654309
  13. Day, E. M., & Shapson, S. M. (1996). Studies in immersion education. Multilingual Matters.
  14. DeLuca, C., Bolden, B., & Chan, J. (2017). Systemic professional learning through collaborative inquiry: Examining teachers’ perspectives. Teaching and Teacher Education, 67, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.05.014
  15. DeLuca, C., Shulha, J., Luhanga, U., Shulha, L. M., Christou, T. M., & Klinger, D. A. (2015). Collaborative inquiry as a professional learning structure for educators: A scoping review. Professional Development in Education, 41(4), 640–670. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2014.933120
  16. Dubetz, N. E. (2005). Improving ESL instruction in a bilingual program through collaborative, inquiry-based professional development. In D. J. Tedick (Ed.), Second language teacher education: International perspectives (pp. 231-254). Routledge.
  17. DuFour, R. (2004). What is a professional learning community? Educational Leadership, 61(8), 6-11. https://ascd.org/el/articles/what-is-a-professional-learning-community
  18. DuFour, R., & Eaker, R. (1998). Professional learning communities at work: Best practices for enhancing student achievement. Solution Tree.
  19. Dunn, W. (2011). Working toward social inclusion through concept development in second language teacher education. In K. E. Johnson, & P. R. Golombek (Eds.), Research on second language teacher education: A sociocultural perspective on professional development (pp. 50–64). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203844991
  20. Faez, F. (2011). Developing the knowledge base of ESL and FSL teachers for K-12 programs in Canada. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 29–49. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/19865
  21. Faez, F., & Karas, M. (2017). Connecting language proficiency to (self-reported) teaching ability: A review and analysis of research. RELC Journal, 48(1), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688217694755
  22. Fraga-Cañadas, C. P. (2011). Building communities of practice for foreign language teachers. The Modern Language Journal, 95(2), 296–300. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41262349
  23. Frank, C., Zorzi, R., McGinnis-Dunphy, M., Dourado, L., Dare, L., Daele, G. Van den, & Brooker, A.-S. (2021, June). Beginning Teachers’ Learning Journeys Longitudinal Study: Year 5 Report. https://www.opsba.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/BTLJ-y5-report-final-July2021.pdf
  24. Gagné, A., & Thomas, R. (2011). Language portfolio design for a concurrent teacher education program in Ontario, Canada. Synergies Europe, 6, 219–228.
  25. Grimmett, P. P., & D’Amico, L. (2008). Do British Columbia’s recent education policy changes enhance professionalism among teachers? Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 78, 1–35. https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/cjeap/article/view/42759
  26. Hargreaves, A., & O’Connor, M. (2018a). Collaborative professionalism: When teaching together means learning for all. Corwin.
  27. Hargreaves, A., & O’Connor, M. T. (2018b). Solidarity with solidity: The case for collaborative professionalism. Phi Delta Kappan, 100(1), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721718797116
  28. Jackson, T. (2019). Differentiated induction: An enhanced model for the New Teacher Induction Program. The Organizational Improvement Plan at Western University, 84. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=oip
  29. Karsenti, T., & Collin, S. (2010). Eduportfolio: A tool for second language teachers. Revista Diálogo Educacional, 10(31), 581-592. https://doi.org/10.7213/rde.v10i31.2431
  30. Kearney, S. (2015). Reconceptualizing beginning teacher induction as organizational socialization: A situated learning model. Cogent Education, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2015.1028713
  31. Kissau, S. P., & King, E. T. (2015). Peer mentoring second language teachers: A mutually beneficial experience? Foreign Language Annals, 48(1), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12121
  32. Knouzi, I., & Mady, C. (2014). Voices of resilience from the bottom rungs: The stories of three elementary core French teachers in Ontario. The Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 60(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.11575/ajer.v60i1.55764
  33. Korhonen, H., Heikkinen, H. L. T., Kiviniemi, U., & Tynjälä, P. (2017). Student teachers’ experiences of participating in mixed peer mentoring groups of in-service and pre-service teachers in Finland. Teaching and Teacher Education, 61, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.10.011
  34. Kristmanson, P. L., Dicks, J., Le Bouthillier, J. et Bourgoin, R. (2008). L’écriture en immersion française : les meilleures pratiques et le rôle d’une communauté professionnelle d’apprentissage. Revue Canadienne de Linguistique Appliquée , 11(1), 41–62. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/19909
  35. Kristmanson, P. L., Dicks, J., & Le Bouthillier, J. (2010). Pedagogical applications of a second language writing model at elementary and middle school levels. Writing & Pedagogy, 1(1), 37-62. https://doi.org/10.1558/wap.v1i1.37
  36. Kristmanson, P. L., Lafargue, C., & Culligan, K. (2011). From action to insight: A professional learning community’s experiences with the European Language Portfolio. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(2), 53–67. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/19857
  37. Lapkin, S., Mady, C., & Arnott, S. (2009). Research perspectives on core French: A literature review. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 12(2), 6–30.
  38. Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press.
  39. Lemaire, E. (2013). L’intégration du Portfolio européen des langues en milieu ouest-canadien minoritaire et universitaire. Canadian Modern Language Review, 69(4), 487–513. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.1273.487
  40. Mady, C., Arnett, K., & Muilenburg, L. Y. (2017). French second-language teacher candidates’ positions towards allophone students and implications for inclusion. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 21(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2016.1184330
  41. Mason, S. (2017). Foreign language teacher attrition and retention research: A meta-analysis. NECTFL Review, 80, 47–68. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1253534
  42. Masson, M. (2018). Reframing FSL teacher learning: Small stories of (re)professionalization and identity formation. Journal of Belonging, Identity, Language, and Diversity, 2(2), 77–102. https://bild-lida.ca/journal/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/JBILD_Masson_2_2_2018.pdf
  43. Masson, M., Azan, A., & Battistuzzi, A. (2024). Centering social justice and well-being in FSL teacher identity formation to promote long-term retention. In Education, 29(2), 54–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37119/ojs2024.v29i2
  44. Masson, M., Kunnas, M., Boreland, T., & Prasad, G. (2022). Developing an anti-biased, anti-racist stance in second language teacher education programs. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 78(4), 385–414. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.2021-0100
  45. McClendon Patrick, S., Rucinski, D. A., & Tomek, S. E. (2016). Meta-analyses of research on use of professional learning communities and their effects on student and teacher learning. In D.A. Rucinski (Ed.), Real world professional learning communities: Their use and effects (pp. 153–168). Rowman & Littlefield.
  46. Mollica, A., Phillips, G., & Smith, M. (2005). Teaching and Learning French as a Second Language: Core French in the Elementary Schools of Ontario. Report prepared for the Ontario Modern Language Teachers’ Association.
  47. Muhling, S. (2004). Re-visioning staff development for K-6 French immersion teachers: A case study of a professional learning community. University of Toronto [Masters dissertation]. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/re-visioning-staff-development-k-6-french/docview/305065849/se-2?accountid=14701
  48. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages (2019). Accessing opportunity: A study on challenges in French-as-a-second-language education teacher supply and demand in Canada. https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/sites/default/files/2023-06/accessing-opportunity-fsl.pdf
  49. Ontario Ministry of Education (2016, May 31). Policy and program memorandum no. 159: Collaborative professionalism. Government of Ontario. https://www.ontario.ca/document/education-ontario-policy-and-program-direction/policyprogram-memorandum-159
  50. Ontario Ministry of Education (2021). New teacher induction program. Government of Ontario. https://files.ontario.ca/edu-ntip-inductions-manual-en-2022-08-02.pdf
  51. Ontario Public School Boards’ Association [OPSBA] (2019). Meeting labour market needs for French as a second language instruction in Ontario: Phase II Report. https://www.opsba.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/FSL-FULL-REPORT-2019_ONLINE.pdf
  52. Ontario Public School Boards’ Association [OPSBA] (2021). Meeting labour market needs for French as a second language instruction in Ontario: Implementation of evidence-based strategies. https://www.opsba.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/FSL-OLMP-Year-End-Report.pdf
  53. Opfer, V.D., & Pedder, D. (2011). Conceptualizing teacher professional learning. Review of Educational Research, 81(3), 376–407. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311413609
  54. Pyrko, I., Dörfler, V., & Eden, C. (2017). Thinking together: What makes communities of practice work? Human Relations, 70(4), 389–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726716661040
  55. Salvatori, M. (2009). A Canadian perspective on language teacher education: Challenges and opportunities. The Modern Language Journal, 93(2), 287-291. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40264063
  56. Stagg-Peterson, S., Marks Krpan, C., Swartz, L., & Bennett, J. (2011). University faculty, colleagues and teachers’ federation as mentors in collaborative action research. McGill Journal of Education, 45(2), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.7202/045607ar
  57. Talbert, J. E. (2009). Professional learning communities at the crossroads: How systems hinder or engender change. In A. Hargreaves, A. Lieberman, M. Fullan, & D. Hopkins (Eds.), Second international handbook of educational change (pp. 555–571). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2660-6
  58. Uştuk Ö., & Çomoğlu İ. (2019). Lesson study for professional development of English language teachers: Key takeaways from international practices. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 12(2), 41-50. https://dx.doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2019.120202
  59. Vangrieken, K., Meredith, C., Packer, T., & Kyndt, E. (2017). Teacher communities as a context for professional development: A systematic review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 61, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.10.001
  60. Veilleux, I., & Bournot-Trites, M. (2005). Standards for the language competence of French immersion teachers: Is there a danger of erosion? Canadian Journal of Education, 28(3), 487–507. https://doi.org/10.2307/4126480
  61. Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, community. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803932
  62. Wenger, E., Trayner, B., & de Laat, M. (2011). Promoting and assessing value creation in communities and networks: A conceptual framework (April). Ruud de Moor Centrum, 18(August), 1–60. http://www.open.ou.nl/rslmlt/Wenger_Trayner_DeLaat_Value_creation.pdf
  63. Wernicke, M. (2016). Hierarchies of authenticity in study abroad: French from Canada versus French from France? Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 19(2), 1–21. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/24209
  64. Wilcoxon, F. (1945). Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics Bulletin 1(6), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001968